ART HISTORY 132 Neoclassicism

context: French Revolution –internal class struggle First Estate  clergy Second Estate  aristocracy Third Estate  bourgeoisie –National Assembly (1789) –Reign of Terror ( )  demise of monarchy –Directory  Roman model Napoleon Bonaparte ( )Napoleon Bonaparte –appointed to First Consul »defeat of Royalist insurrection extinguished threat to Nat’l Convention –promoted to Commander of Interior & given command of Army of Italy Emperor  Napoleonic Code –uniform system of law

Neoclassicism context: Enlightenment –Voltaire ( )Voltaire famous for wit & advocacy of civil liberties critic of religious intolerance and persecution works and ideas influenced important thinkers of FR Revolution –human affairs ruled by reason & common good –dispels w/ tradition & established authority Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right (1762) –theorized about best way to set up political community in face of problems of commercial society which he had already identified in his Discourse on Inequality (1754)Discourse on Inequality –inspired political reforms or revolutions in Europe, especially in FR –argued against idea monarchs divinely empowered to legislate –only the people, who are sovereign, have that all-powerful right context: aesthetic –Johann Joachim Winckelmann ( ) German art historian & archaeologist turns against ornate practices of Rococo pioneering Hellenist who articulated differences between Greek & Roman art –"The History of Ancient Art Among the Greeks“ (1764) concept: “noble simplicity and calm grandeur”

Jacques-Louis David ( ) biography: –deserted by mother at age 9 after father killed in a duel; raised by uncles training: enrolled at age seventeen in Royal Academy of Painting & Sculpture –4x before awarded Prix de Rome (1774) Italy for advanced studies significance: leading figure of Neoclassicism style: follower of Poussin –clarity achieved through drawing –subordinates color to line figures: solid as sculpture compositions: planar –horizontal planes arranged parallel to picture plane –scenes set against severe architecture

J-L David’s Oath of the Horatii (1784)Oath of the Horatii

J-L David’s The Death of Socrates (1787)The Death of Socrates

Detail from J-L DAVID’s Neoclassical Death of Socrates (1787) vs. detail from RAPHAEL’s High Ren. School of Athens (c. 1500)

J-L David Death of Marat (1793) –subject: political assassination radical journalist killed by Charlotte Corday –blamed M for “September Massacres” (1792)“September Massacres” –theme: secular lamentation see Michelangelo’s Pieta –narrative: murdered while bathing –composition: sublime geometric spaces balances stable & dynamic forces communicates narrative –color: narrow Baroque range w/ secondary tonalities –light/shadow: chiaroscuro

Detail from J-L DAVID’s Neoclassical Death of Marat (1794) vs. detail from MICHELANGELO’s High Ren. Pieta (c. 1500)

J-L David Napoleon at St.-Bernard (1800)Napoleon at St.-Bernard –genre: equestrian portrait –composition: dynamic rearing horse diagonal arrangement of forms & landscape gesture wind blown cape & mane –color: narrow range of neutral earth tones w/ localized primary –light/shadow: even distribution –iconography: Hannibal (lower left) challenges Classical history –crossing Alps –vantage point: low angle

(Left) J-L DAVID’s Neoclassical Napoleon at St. Bernard (c. 1800) vs. (right) TITIAN’s Venetian Renaissance Charles V (c. 1550)

Gros Napleon on Arcole Bridge (1801) –narrative: G present w/ FR army near when N plants French tricolor flag on Arcola bridge (1796)Arcola –significance: G appointed by N to post of inspecteur aux revues –aesthetic: Baroque influences –composition: dynamic –color: narrow range of browns w/ primary accents & compliments –light/shadow: dramatic –spatial order: figure placed close to picture plane –perspective: aerial (see Venetians)

Gros’ Napoleon Visiting the Plague Victims at Jaffa (1804)Napoleon Visiting the Plague Victims at Jaffa

Late Classical Greek Apollo Belvedere (c BCE) vs. detail from GROS’s Neoclassical Plague at Jaffa (1804)

VERROCCHIO’S Italian Early Renaissance The Doubting of Saint Thomas (c. 1475) vs. detail from GROS’s Neoclassical Plague at Jaffa (1804)

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres ( ) biography: father  successful jack-of-all- trades in arts training: pupil of J-L David ( ) –adapts mentor’s austere & didactic Neoclassicism –admitted to Ecole des Beaux Arts (1799) –wins Prix de Rome (1801) career: assumed role as guardian of academic orthodoxy –“a conservator of good doctrine, and not an innovator” style: “designo” vs. “coloré” –precision of line & draftsmanship Raphael’s polished conception of beauty bearer of tradition est by Poussin –“super-photographic” & physical accuracy –keen sensitivity for personality

Ingres Napoleon on His Imperial Throne –date: 1806 –figure: iconic strict frontality direct gaze –spatial order: close to picture plane –composition: stable enlivened by diagonal thrusts of staffs –color: localized primary & golden highlights –light/shadow: tenebrism –iconography: Imperial laurel wreath carpet  eagle raised right hand  judgment

(Left) INGRES’ Neoclassical Napoleon on His Imperial Throne (1806) vs. (right) detail of Christ from VAN EYCK’s Early Renaissance Flemish Ghent Altarpiece (c )

(Left) INGRES’ Neoclassical Napoleon on His Imperial Throne (1806) vs. (right) INGRES’ Jupiter and Thetis (1811)Jupiter and Thetis

INGRES’ Grand Odalisque (1815)

(Left) INGRES’ Neoclassical Grand Odalisque (1815) vs. (right) BOUCHER’s Rococo Odalisque (c. 1750)

IMAGE INDEX Slide 2:DAVID, Jacques-Louis. Napoleon in His Study (1812), Oil on canvas, 80 1/4 x 49 1/4”, Samuel H. Kress Collection, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Slide 4:DAVID, Jacques-Louis. Self-Portrait (c. 1785). Slide 5:DAVID, Jacques-Louis. The Oath of the Horatii (1785), 14 x 11’, Musée du Louvre. Slide 6:DAVID, Jacques-Louis. The Death of Socrates (1787), Oil on canvas, 51 x 77 1/4”, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Slide 7:(Left) Detail of Socrates from DAVID’s Neoclassical The Death of Socrates (1787); and (right) detail of Plato and Aristotle from RAPHAEL’s High Renaissance The School of Athens (c. 1500). Slide 8:DAVID, Jacques-Louis. Death of Marat (1793), Oil on canvas, 65 x 50 1/2 in, Musees Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique.

IMAGE INDEX Slide 9:(Left) DAVID’s Neoclassical Death of Marat; and (right) detail from MICHELANGELO’s High Renaissance Pieta (1500). Slide 10:DAVID. Napoleon at St. Bernard (1800). Slide 11:(Left) DAVID’s Neoclassical Napoleon at St. Bernard (1800); and (right) TITIAN’s The Emperor Charles V on Horseback (c. 1550), Oil on canvas, 130 3/4 x 109 7/8 in., Prado, Madrid. Slide 12:INGRES. Bonaparte as First Consul (1804), Oil on canvas, 227 x 147 cm, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Liège, Belgia. Slide 13:INGRES. Napoleon on his Imperial Throne (1806). Slide 14:(Left) INGRES’ Neoclassical Napoleon on His Imperial Throne (1806); and (right) detail of Christ from VAN EYCK’s Early Renaissance Flemish Ghent Altarpiece (c ) Slide 15:(Left) INGRES’ Neoclassical Napoleon on His Imperial Throne (1806); vs. (right) INGRES’ Jupiter and Thetis (1811)