Enabling Open Scholarship The Budapest Open Access Initiative at 10 years old: Recommendations for the next ten years of scholarly communication Alma Swan Key Perspectives Ltd SPARC Europe Enabling Open Scholarship Repositories Support Project Conference, London, 1 June 2012

Enabling Open Scholarship

Where have we come so far? Defined the concept Described the issues Made the arguments Gathered the evidence Made the arguments again Gathered evidence for other beneficiaries Gradually, gradually, won over hearts and minds Finally, made OA mainstream

Enabling Open Scholarship PubMed Central 2 million full-text articles 420,000 unique users per day 25% universities 18% government and others 40% citizens 17% companies

Enabling Open Scholarship Economic effects , US Government invested 3.8 billion USD (5.6 billion USD in 2010 terms) in HUGO: Generated economic output of 796 billion USD Every federal $1 invested generated $141 in the economy Created 310,000 jobs in 2010 Denmark: access problems cost Danish SMEs €73m per year: Delay product development by average 2.2 years Cost €4.8m per company

Enabling Open Scholarship

BOAI, 2002 “An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good. The old tradition is the willingness of scientists and scholars to publish the fruits of their research in scholarly journals without payment, for the sake of inquiry and knowledge. The new technology is the internet.”

Enabling Open Scholarship BOAI, 2002 “The public good they make possible is the world-wide electronic distribution of the peer-reviewed journal literature and completely free and unrestricted access to it by all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds. Removing access barriers to this literature will accelerate research, enrich education, share the learning of the rich with the poor and the poor with the rich, make this literature as useful as it can be, and lay the foundation for uniting humanity in a common intellectual conversation and quest for knowledge.”

Enabling Open Scholarship BOAI, 2002 “By ‘open access’ to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited.”

Enabling Open Scholarship “The public good they make possible is the world-wide electronic distribution of the peer- reviewed journal literature and completely free and unrestricted access to it by all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds.”

Enabling Open Scholarship Worldwide electronic distribution Research institutions should have an OA repository Research institutions and research funders across the world should have an OA policy Research funders should ensure a suitable arrangement for the work they fund

Enabling Open Scholarship “The public good they make possible is the world-wide electronic distribution of the peer- reviewed journal literature and completely free and unrestricted access to it by all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds.”

Enabling Open Scholarship The peer-reviewed (journal) literature Peer-reviewed journal content Theses and dissertations Welcome other scholarly matter

Enabling Open Scholarship “The public good they make possible is the world-wide electronic distribution of the peer- reviewed journal literature and completely free and unrestricted access to it by all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds.”

Enabling Open Scholarship Completely free access for all For all Not ‘gods of mercy’ gifts until a country becomes rich enough to pay subscriptions Not national licences that benefit only one population “Share the learning of the rich with the poor and the poor with the rich …. lay the foundation for uniting humanity in a common intellectual conversation and quest for knowledge.”

Enabling Open Scholarship By ‘open access’ to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.

Enabling Open Scholarship Read, discuss, build, cite No Fair Use/Fair Dealing restrictions or permissions No lawsuits for reproducing articles or parts of articles Proper scholarly practice of accreditation

Enabling Open Scholarship By ‘open access’ to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.

Enabling Open Scholarship Licensing OA journals can always use an open licence CC-BY is preferred NC clause if necessary ‘Green’ OA content should ideally carry an open licence Pragmatism rules (for the moment)

Enabling Open Scholarship Text-mining issues Vision: fully open literature, minable without barriers Repository content is rarely correctly licensed Metadata are not adequate OAJs often do not carry the right licence ‘Hybrid’ journals rarely license their content correctly Circa 80% of the literature is still behind toll barriers Even when subscribed to, text-mining is not permitted Dealing per-researcher, per-publisher is infeasible

Enabling Open Scholarship Prestige and esteem Explicit recommendation on new, alternative metrics Encourage institutions and funders to use these in evaluation and assessment

Enabling Open Scholarship Infrastructure Repositories should be able to harvest and re-deposit Repositories should exploit all opportunities to provide usage and bibliographic data and make these openly available Repositories should play their part in the adoption of alternative metrics

Enabling Open Scholarship More infrastructural things Open bibliography Open directories Other open tools for supporting the new scholcomm system (search engines, current awareness services, cross-linking and persistent URL services) Encourage: new forms of peer review new forms of the ‘research article’

Enabling Open Scholarship Advocacy Education of all stakeholders (policy development, culture change, FUD) Best practices Evidence on: benefits harm from lack of access sustainability Recruit allies

Enabling Open Scholarship Sustainability Coordinated approach to ensuring that critical services supporting OA are maintained, using business models that work Consensual solutions Roles and responsibilities

Enabling Open Scholarship Thank you for listening

Enabling Open Scholarship Resources 1. General, comprehensive resource on Open Access: OASIS (Open Access Scholarly Information Sourcebook) 2. Resource for policymakers, institutional managers: EOS (Enabling Open Scholarship) 3. Open Access Map

Enabling Open Scholarship Looking forward: policy Policy development at the top of the agenda: Institutions and funders to have policies Short embargoes CC-BY or equivalent ID/OA Author participation encouraged

Enabling Open Scholarship Looking forward Gratis access is better than toll-access Libre access is better than gratis Libre under CC-BY is better than libre under licenses that are not: So liberal Machine-readable

Enabling Open Scholarship Harm to publishers from Green OA? NIH policy review : Biomed journals increased 19% since 2007 Average subscription prices of biomed journals rose 23% Publishers forecast increase in growth for medical journals from 4.5% (2011) to 6.3% (2014) Thousands of journals voluntarily submit author versions (to help authors under the mandate) Several hundred publishers voluntarily submit final PDF C1000 journals submit full content even though not under the mandate