Please take out your Parkersburg Article and Modules for check-off

Modules Module 41 Module B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. E 1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. E

Parkersburg Discuss: 1. Was the C8 discharged by a point or non-point source of water pollution? 2. What type of pollutant was C8, based on your reading of Modules What was the most interesting/horrifying thing you read?

King County Water Quality Lab Take a large beaker to get a sample of the retention pond Rest of data is online Do this lab in your lab book

Assessing Health; Nutrient and Pathogen Pollution

Point vs. Non-Point Sources Point  Discrete Location Non-point  Cumulative sources through run- off

Biological Assessment Diversity of macroinvertebrates and fish Both are sensitive to abiotic factors that may indicate problems Fecal coliform- determines levels of feces bacteria found in freshwater

Chemical Assessment pH- most organisms survive between 6-9 Phosphates- can indicate runoff from fertilizer, sewage, animal waste Nitrates- same as phosphates Conductivity- can indicate presence of metal pollution (same as hardness) DO (Dissolved Oxygen)- most orgs. survive above 5 ppm BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)- amount of oxygen a quantity of water uses over a set amount of time Higher in polluted waters because of bacteria in wastewater that use a lot of oxygen

Oxygen Sag Curve Red = amount of organic matter; BOD Blue = amount of oxygen

Physical Assessment Turbidity- cloudiness (may affect photosynthesis) Stream flow/velocity- fast-flowing water dissolves oxygen better Temperature- cold water dissolves oxygen better; orgs have a range of tolerance

Biggest pollution problem in the world … LACK OF CLEAN WATER! Ganges in India Yangtze & Three Gorges Dam in China

Waterborne Diseases Cholera, typhoid fever, giardia, E. coli, dysentery, hepatitis … to name a few Why is tea such a popular drink in many developing countries?

Clean drinking water is not just a problem in developing countries Cryptosporidium in Lake Michigan/Milwaukee King County’s Combined Sewer Overflow Control ––

Nutrient Pollution Main Cause: Fertilizer Run-off Effect: Eutrophication/Hypoxia

Eutrophication Eutrophication: the natural nutrient enrichment of freshwater Cultural Eutrophication: man-made, rapid nutrient enrichment Phosphates, nitrates from fertilizer run-off, animal feedlots, untreated sewage

Cultural Eutrophication Excess nutrient cause huge algal blooms Block light for phytoplankton and submerged plants; DO drops Aerobic bacteria decompose the algal mats; DO drops

Eutrophication Remediation Mechanical removal of excess weeds Pumping O2 into the water Use of herbicides/algaecides Buffer zones to prevent run off Advanced treatment plants- remove N, P and-land/lakes/lakes-of-king-county/lake- washington/lake-washington-story.aspx

Pathogen/Waterborne Disease Main Causes: Sewage overflows/runoffs and manure runoffs from feed lots Effects: Disease Outbreaks/Eutrophication

Water Borne Disease Bacteria- Typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, enteritis Viruses- Hepatitis B, polio Protozoa- amoebic dysentery, giardia, cryptosporidium Worms- schistosomiasis

FRQ: Water Pollution Due next time, along with Modules in online organizer

Toxic Chemicals Main Cause: Water used in mining processes Effects: Toxic Water

Sediment Main Cause: Deforestation of steep slopes and/or land near rivers Effects: River becomes “choked” ource.com/html/localn ews/ _elliott bay20m.html ource.com/html/localn ews/ _elliott bay20m.html

Clean Water Act Passed Congress 1972, amended 1977, & 1987 Individuals or corporations have to obtain permits before releasing any pollutants in waterways The EPA creates point source discharge limits for pollutants in waterways (non-point sources are not addressed) Federal monetary assistance is provided through grants to obtain necessary technology to limit discharges Gives cities, counties, states, etc the power to prosecute individuals or corporations that don’t meet pollution guide lines. GOAL: Clean water for swimming, fishing, and habitat

Federal Safe Drinking Water Act Passed congress in 1974, amended 1996 Assures safe drinking water for Americans Gives the EPA the right to oversee and set standards for all water suppliers.

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Also called Superfund legislation Enacted in 1980 in response to toxic waste disaster at Love Canal, NY Established monetary fund and rules governing responsibility for cleaning up hazardous waste disposal sites  Greatly improved issues regarding groundwater pollution