Section 1.1 I. Living things are different from nonliving things. Organism- Any individual form of life that uses energy to carry out its activities.

Organization A. Characteristics of life Living things have these characteristics: 1. Organization- All living things are made up of one or more cells.

Development and Growth 2. Growth- Increase in size (stops). 3. Development- Changes that occur as an organism gets older.

4.Respond to the environment Stimulus- Any change in the environment that causes an organism to react. Response- A reaction to a stimulus.

5. Adaptation- characteristic, behavior, or an inherited trait that makes a species better able to survive to reproduce.

6. Homeostasis-The process(s) by which an organism or cell maintains the internal conditions necessary for life.

7. Reproduction- The ability to produce new organisms like themselves. 8. Life Span- Length of time a particular type of organism can live. Same as life expectancy?

B. Needs of Life 9. Energy Energy comes from the sun. Plants  Animals

10. Materials- Carbon Dioxide CO 2 Nitrogen, N Oxygen, O 2 Water, H 2 O

11. Living Space Space to live, grow, reproduce Habitat- From a Latin word meaning “to live.”

All living things are made of cells. Unicellular- Organisms made up of a single cell. Multi-cellular- Organisms made up of many cells. Multicellular organisms include this frog and these water-lily plants. Many unicellular organisms live in pond water.

A. Differences between unicellular and multi-cellular organisms: Unicellular- a single cell performs all the activities of life on its own. Multi-cellular- cells specialize to perform different functions and must depend on other cells.

III. The microscope led to the discovery of cells. Microscope- An instrument that makes objects look bigger.

A. Robert Hooke ( ) English Scientist - Looked at cork, saw tiny compartments, gave cells their name. Cellas

B.Anton van Leeuwenhoek- ( ) Dutch Tradesman, “Father of Microscopy” one of the first people to describe living cells. Beasties, animicules

Schleiden ( ) German Botanist Determined that all plants are made up of cells. J. M. Schleiden, Principles of Scientific Botany, 1849, showing various features of cell development.

Schwann ( ) German Physiologist Determined that all animals are made up of cells.

IV. Cells come from other cells. The cell theory has three concepts: 1. Every living thing is made up of one or more cells. 2. Cells carry out the functions needed to support life. 3. Cells come only from other living cells.

V. The cell theory is important to the study of biology. Two characteristics of a scientific theory: 1. A widely supported explanation of what happens in nature. 2. It must be supported by evidence.

A. Louis Pasteur- French scientist. Bacteria- Tiny single-celled organisms. Some forms of bacteria cause disease. Pasteurization- Heat is used to kill bacteria in milk. Prevents the milk from going bad as quickly. Spontaneous Generation- A theory that living things could come from nonliving matter.

i. Pasteur’s experiment Boiled broth to kill “germs”. Put broth into two flasks Sealed one flask. Left one flask open. Bacteria grew only in the open flask.

ii.What conclusion can be reached from his experiment? The bacteria in the open flask came from the air. Bacteria is not produced by the nonliving broth. Disproved spontaneous generation. Supported Biogenesis. Biogenesis-theory stating that life comes from other life