 Food and clothing (blankets, shoes, coats, etc.) were often in great shortage during the Civil War  Soldiers often ate/drank hardtack (hard, tasteless biscuit), potatoes, beans, cornbread, and coffee; if lucky, they pillaged food from nearby farms  Doctors of the Civil War era had no understanding of infectious germs and often used unsterilized instruments on patient after patient, thus disease spread quickly in field hospitals  Doctors usually amputated limbs to prevent the spread of gangrene and other infections  The majority of Civil War deaths were not KIA's (Killed in Action) but came indirectly from diseases/infections associated with battlefield wounds and poor living conditions  The Union and Confederate governments engaged in prisoner exchanges until the Emancipation Proclamation was issued  Prisons became overcrowded, disease-ridden, and suffered from food shortages  Andersonville was an infamous Confederate prison that killed 13,000 Union prisoners. (Henry Wirz, commandant of Andersonville, became the only person executed for war crimes during the Civil War)

 Many women served as nurses to the wounded soldiers  Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (first female physician) started the first training program for nurses  United States Sanitary Commission: raised money to send bandages, medicine, clothing and food to army camps  Clara Barton became famous for nursing soldiers on or near the front lines  The Civil War opened up the nursing profession to women more than any other event in American history

 Grant invaded Virginia when the Army of Potomac in 1864 and collided with Lee in a series of battles › Battle of the Wilderness › Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse › Battle of Cold Harbor (Grant suffered 7,000 casualties in just 20 minutes)  Although Lee inflicted more casualties in every engagement, Grant refused to retreat like every other Union commander before him  Grant's Key to Success: He trusted his numerical/industrial advantages and continued to move South even after suffering defeat on the battlefield › He was willing to sacrifice thousands of troops to ultimately wear down and destroy Lee's army

 As Grant battled Lee in the East, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman (commander of Union forces in the West) took war to a new level in his infamous "March to the Sea"  Sherman implemented " total war " practices in which he attacked not only Confederate armies but Confederate railroads ("Sherman neckties"), farms, factories, etc. in order to make the Southern people suffer by the Confederate war effort  Sherman ordered his troops to burn and pillage (loot) Southern homes, farms, livestock, crops, etc.  Meanwhile, Union Cavalry commander Philip Sheridan applied the same total war methods to the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia

 Gulf Coast › Union Admiral David Farragut won the Battle of Mobile Bay (August 1864) and sealed off Confederate use of that important port  Deep South › Battle of Atlanta  Confederate General John Bell Hood was forced to evacuate Atlanta on September 1, 1864, allowing Sherman to continue his march to the sea › Savannah fell in December of 1864 as Sherman's Christmas present to Lincoln  Virginia › Siege of Petersburg  In an attempt to cut off Richmond's rail supply, Grant moved on Petersburg, VA but had to lay siege because the city was so heavily defended by Confederate trenches, breastworks, and batteries  Union attempt to break the lines failed at "The Crater"

 Resistance to Lincoln › Copperheads : Northern Democrats that opposed Republican war policies and pushed for peace › Draft riots: After Lincoln instituted the draft in the Summer of 1863, several cities experienced draft riots  The conscription act allowed individuals to receive an exemption if they paid a $300 fee ("Rich man's war, poor man's fight")  New York City draft riots were the worst (about 100 people killed)  Presidential Election of 1864 › Democrats, playing on antiwar sentiment, chose General George McClellan as their nominee for president on the basis that he would seek terms for ending the war › Thanks to the fall of Atlanta, Lincoln won 55% of the vote and was reelected

 Union Cavalry commander Philip Sheridan finally overran Lee's flank at the Battle of Five Forks and ended the 9 month siege at Petersburg  Lee tried to outrun Grant's army but was cut off by Sheridan's cavalry  Appomattox Courthouse (April 9, 1865) › Running out of places to move and with few troops left to fight with (around 20,000 men left; desertion levels were high during the last year), Lee was unwilling to sacrifice any more soldiers for their lost cause › Lee surrendered to Grant in the parlor of a home located at the Appomattox Courthouse crossing › Grant allowed Lee and the Southern troops to return to their homes › The Civil War ended, the Union was preserved, and the Southern way of life would be forever changed

 Page 245 (Ch. 9, Section 5 Review) › #’s 1 – 6 › Answers Only