THE CHAIN AFFECT Tiara Roberson

CULTURE AND IDENTITY FOR PERSONALIZED RELATIONSHIPS Culture and identity are closely linked. Sysoyev, P. (2001). Retrieved from dentity

HEGEMONY Following the Royal Navy's victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, the British Empire established a maritime hegemony that lasted throughout the 19th Century (Hegemony, 2014). Cultures clash and this picture demonstrates how misunderstanding and hatred can cause hegemony.

A LOOK AT CONTEMPORARY SEGREGATION IN THE SCHOOLS On May 17, 1954, the Court unanimously ruled that "separate but equal" public schools for blacks and whites were unconstitutional. The Brown case served as a catalyst for the modern civil rights movement, inspiring education reform everywhere and forming the legal means of challenging segregation in all areas of society (Brown v. Board of Education, 2014).

DISPROPORTIONAL FUNDING Look at all that red! Moreover, since states typically distribute general education aid through formulas that target additional funds to school districts with large shares of low-income and other high-need children, reductions in "formula" funding may result in particularly deep cuts in general state aid for districts with high concentrations of low-income students (Oliff and Leachman, 2011).

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF HIGH STAKES TESTING ON TWICE EXCEPTIONAL LEARNERS. Less able to spend time observing the learning strengths and weaknesses of students, which could lead to the identification of twice-exceptional students Less able to plan and individualize the kinds of learning opportunities that would allow 2e students to connect with content through their strengths and remain engaged through appropriate levels of challenge Less likely to receive professional development that would allow them to better identify and serve twice- exceptional learners

LEARNING THE 21 ST CENTURY

SLAVERY, EUGENICS, SOCIAL DARWINISM, AND TODAY’S ACHIEVEMENT GAP IN SCHOOLS. Charles Darwin's theories were adapted by others and applied to social issues. The word "eugenics" was coined in 1883 by the English scientist Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, to promote the ideal of perfecting the human race by, as he put it, getting rid of its "undesirables" while multiplying its "desirables" (Kevles, 1995) The YouTube video “A tale of two schools”, demonstrated the huge achievement gap. It gave multiple examples of how lower income areas did not receive the same opportunities as the higher income areas did. The entire video described how the higher income area included far advanced classes and how the lower income only had the traditional classes.

DEFEATING POVERTY’S INFLUENCE “The government’s practice of separating out a single factor such as ethnicity and comparing one sub-group to other whole populations is misleading and ignores the many factors contributing to underachievement” (Khan, 2013).

MULTICULTURAL PROJECT-BASED LEARNING Multicultural education is an idea stating that all students, regardless of the groups to which they belong, such as those related to gender, ethnicity, race, culture, language, social class, religion, or exceptionality, should experience educational equality in the schools. Some students, because of their particular characteristics, have a better chance to succeed in school as it is currently structured than students from other groups (Banks, 2010).

MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION Provide support Provide mentors set high expectations Provide motivation Provide instructional support Provide positive math experiences early in the student's education Provide connections to extracurricular activities Avoid stereotyping students and stereotype threats We need to raise the bar for these students by teaching to their strengths (Woolfolk, 2010, p. 172).

CONCEPTS OF PEDAGOGY 26_library_instruction