MEMORY

THE FOUNDATION OF MEMORY RECALLING LONG-TERM MEMORIES FORGETTING:WHEN MEMORY FAILS WNCC

WHAT IS MEMORY ? MEMORY : the proccess by which we encode, store, and retrieve information ENCODE: the first stage in remembering something STORE : the maintenance of material saves in memory RETRIEVE:material in memory storage has to be located and brought into awarenessto be useful

DIFFERENT KINDS OF MEMORY SENSORY MEMORY: the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant SHORT-TERM MEMORY: memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds LONG-TERM MEMORY: memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve

SHORT-TERM MEMORY CHUNK :a grouping of information that can be stored in short- term memory PBSFOXCNNABCCBSMTVNBC PBS FOX CNN ABC CBS MTV NBC REHEARSAL :the repetition of information that has entered short-term memory

WORKING MEMORY —— a set of active, temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information

DECLARATIVE:memory for factual information:names, faces, dates, and the like PROCEDURAL MEMORY: memory for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball; sometimes referred to as nondeclarative memory SEMANTIC MEMORY: memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts LONG-TERM MEMORY LONG-TERM MEMORY MODULES -----

—— mental representations of clusters of interconnecyed information SEMANTIC NETWORKS

----- THE NEUROSCIENCE OF MEMORY Both are part of the limmbic system, play a central role in memory formation

TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE PHENOMENON: THE INABILITY TO RECALL INFORMATION THAT ONE REALIZE ONE KNOWS– A RESULT OF THE DIFFICULTY OF RETRIEVING INFORMATION FROM LONG-TERM MEMORY. NE REALIZE ONE KNOWS– A RESULT OF THE DIFFICULTY OF RETRIEVING INFORMATION FROM LONG-TERM MEMORY. RETRIEVAL CUE: IS A STIMULUS THAT ALLOWS US TO RECALL MORE EASILY INFORMATION THAT IS IN LONG-TERM MEMORY.

6F6MBZK56K RECALL: MEMORY TASK IN WHICH SPECIFIC INFORMATION MUST BE RETRIEVED.

RECOGNITION MEMORY TASK IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS ARE PRESENTED WITH A STIMULUS AND ASKED WHETHER THEY HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO IT IN THE PAST OR TO IDENTIFY IT FROM A LIST OF ALTERNATIVES.

LEVELS-OF-PROCESSING THEORY THE THEORY OF MEMORY THAT EMPHASIZES THE DEGREE TO WHICH NEW MATERIAL IS MENTALLY ANALYZED.

IMPLICIT MEMORY: MEMORIES OF WHICH PEOPLE ARE NOT CONSCIOUSLY AWARE BUT THAT CAN AFFECT SUBSEQUENT PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOR. EXPLICIT MEMORY: INTENTIONAL OR CONSCIOUS RECOLLECTION OF INFORMATION.

PRIMING: A PHENOMENON IN WHICH EXPOSURE TO A WORD OR CONCEPT (CALLED A PRIME) LATER MAKES IT EASIER TO RECALL RELATED INFORMATION, EVEN WHEN THERE IS NO CONSCIOUS MEMORY OF THE WORD OR CONCEPT.

FLASHBULB MEMORIES: MEMORIES RELATED TO A SPECIFIC, IMPORTANT, OR SURPRISING EVEN THAT ARE RECALLED EASILY AND WITH VIVID IMAGERY. WATCH?V=5JWHGILQMS8

CONSTRUCTIVE PROCESSES: PROCESSES IN WHICH MEMORIES ARE INFLUENCED BY THE MEANING WE GIVE TO EVENTS.

SCHEMAS: ORGANIZED BODIES OF INFORMATION STORED IN MEMORY THAT BIAS THE WAY NEW INFORMATION IS INTERPRETED, STORED, AND RECALLED.

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORIES: OUR RECOLLECTIONS OF CIRCUMSTANCES AND EPISODES FROM OUR OWN LIVES.

ARE THERE CROSS- CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN MEMORY? YES, THERE ARE DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES. BASIC MEMORY PROCESSES SUCH AS SHORT-TERM MEMORY CAPACITY AND THE STRUCTURE OF LONG-TERM MEMORY ARE UNIVERSAL AND OPERATE SIMILARLY IN PEOPLE IN ALL CULTURES. CULTURE DETERMINES HOW PEOPLE FRAME INFORMATION INITIALLY, HOW THEY PRACTICE LEARNING AND RECALLING IT.

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE MAJOR REASONS WHY WE FORGET INFORMATION? ONE OF TODAY'S BEST KNOWN MEMORY RESEARCHERS, ELIZABETH LOFTUS, HAS IDENTIFIED FOUR MAJOR REASONS WHY PEOPLE FORGET: RETRIEVAL FAILURE, INTERFERENCE, FAILURE TO STORE, AND MOTIVATED FORGETTING.

DECAY: THE LOSS OF INFORMATION IN MEMORY THROUGH ITS NONUSE. Decay theory: suggests that over time, these memory traces begin to fade and disappear. If information is not retrieved and rehearsed, it will eventually be lost.

INTERFERENCE: THE PHENOMENON BY WHICH INFORMATION IN MEMORY DISRUPTS THE RECALL OF OTHER INFORMATION. As an Example: suggests that some memories compete and interfere with other memories. When information is very similar to other information that was previously stored in memory, interference is more likely to occur.

PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE IS WHEN AN OLD MEMORY MAKES IT MORE DIFFICULT OR IMPOSSIBLE TO REMEMBER A NEW MEMORY. Example: an English speaking person may have greater difficulty learning Spanish because of his or her tendency to want to apply English grammar to the new language. Some people have a harder time learning how to drive an automatic vehicle because of their preexisting knowledge of how to drive a stick shift. The driver may want to use his or her left foot for the break where they are used to having the clutch. The same person may have learned to drive an automatic more easily without his or her knowledge of a standard car.

RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE OCCURS WHEN NEW INFORMATION INTERFERES WITH YOUR ABILITY TO REMEMBER PREVIOUSLY LEARNED INFORMATION. Retroactive interference is when a person has difficulty recalling old information because of newly learned information. For example, you may have difficulty skiing because of recently learning how to snowboard.

MEMORY DYSFUNCTION : AFFLICTIONS OF FORGETTING

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE A PROGRESSIVE BRAIN DISORDER THAT HEADS TO A GRADUAL AND IRREVERSIBLE DECLINE IN COGNITIVE ABILITIES. *The causes of Alzheimer’s disease are not fully understood *Alzheimer’s symptoms appear as simple forgetfulness of things such as appointments and birthdays. As the disease progresses, memory loss becomes more profound, and even the simplest tasks—such as using a telephone—are forgotten.

AMNESIA: MEMORY LOSS THAT OCCURS WITHOUT OTHER MENTAL DIFFICULTIES. The type of amnesia immortalized in countless Hollywood films involves a victim who receives a blow to the head and is unable to remember anything from his or her past.

RETROGRADE AMNESIA: AMNESIA IN WHICH MEMORY IS LOST FOR OCCURRENCES PRIOR TO A CERTAIN EVENT, BUT NOT FOR NEW EVENTS. although people suffering from retrograde amnesia may be unable to recall friends and family members, they still may be able to play complicated card games or knit a sweater quite well. because, some times it may be selective.

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA: LOSS OF MEMORY OCCURS FOR EVENTS THAT FOLLOW AN INJURY. Information cannot be transferred from short-term to long-term memory, resulting in the inability to remember anything other than what was in long-term storage before the accident.

KORSAKOFF’S SYNDROME A DISEASE THAT AFFLICTS LONG-TERM ALCOHOLICS. ALTHOUGH MANY OF THEIR INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES MAY BE INTACT, KORSAKOFF’S SUFFERERS DISPLAY A STRANGE ARRAY OF SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING HALLUCINATIONS AND A TENDENCY TO REPEAT THE SAME STORY OVER AND OVER.

IMPROVING YOUR MEMORY 1) Use the keyword technique. If you are studying a foreign language. 2) Rely on organization cues. Recall material you read in textbooks by organizing the material in memory the first time you read it. 3) Take effective notes. “Less is more” is perhaps the best advice for taking lecture notes that facilitate recall.

4) PRACTICE AND REHEARSE. ALTHOUGH PRACTICE DOES NOT NECESSARILY MAKE PERFECT, IT HELPS. 5) DON’T BELIEVE CLAIMS ABOUT DRUGS THAT IMPROVE MEMORY. 6) Advertisements for One-a-Day vitamins with ginkgo balboa or Quinter Mental Sharpness Product would have you believe that taking a drug or supplement can improve your memory.