Chapter 3– The COLONIES Come of Age Section 2: The agricultural south Section 3: The Commercial North ERA 2: Colonies & Settlement

Mercantilism An economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by: 1. Obtaining large amounts of gold & silver 2. Establishing favorable trade

THE ORIGINAL COLONIES 1. Colonies were self – governing Benefitted from trade with their Mother country ( England) 2. England’s perspective: the purpose of having colonies was to extract resources, and expand trade.

Clarification! When England took over its neighbors- Wales & Scotland in 1707, they started calling themselves Great Britain

Section 2: The Agricultural South Chapter 3

Plantation Economy in the Southern Colonies Plantations developed instead of towns Plantations were self sufficient Depended on: cash crops – agricultural products grown primarily for sale Ex: tobacco, rice, cotton

Life in Southern Society The majority of the population were small farmers Plantation owners (wealthy) controlled the South’s economy Overall, people prospered between 1713-1774 due to demand for tobacco

Southern Plantation House

Women in Southern Colonies Had few legal or social rights Wealthy women were taught to read, write, do basic math Poor women expected to take care of home All women had to obey their fathers and husbands!

Society in Virginia – Mid 1600’s Society Divided into 2 groups: 1. Large, wealthy plantation owners 2. Former Indentured Servants: Landless laborers Unhappy Poor

Former Indentured Servants Wanted Land that was Guaranteed for Native Americans Governor Sir William Berkeley honored treaty with Native Americans

Nathaniel Bacon Led… The Former indentured servants, poor, landless men in a rebellion called… Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676

Nathaniel Bacon & his Followers Wanted: 1. Land! Native American Land! 2. Respect! Formed citizen’s army Raided Native American villages in 1676

Nathaniel Bacon & His Men Defeated Governor Berkeley’s forces Nathaniel Bacon and his men celebrated victory by… Burning down Jamestown in 1676!!!

What Would You Do? Governor Sir William Berkeley had to deal with this group of rebels who threatened his authority And the safety of the population. How should he deal with the situation???

Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 Ended when Nathaniel Bacon died due to natural causes His men were left without a leader

Bacon’s Rebellion 1. Signaled problems of social division 2. Is an example of Resistance against royal governance/authority 3. Illustrated the difficulty of controlling former Indentured servants

Governor Berkeley’s Resolution: 20 rebels were hanged House of Burgesses (Virginia’s assembly) decided to 1. Cut taxes 2. Open Native American lands to colonists 3. and More African slaves were brought in (“less troublesome”)

Slavery in the South By 1690, 13,000 African slaves in the plantation colonies By 1750- 200,000!!

Slavery in the South 80- 90% worked in the fields 10-20% worked inside homes (cook, clean, take care of master’s children)

Stono Rebellion, 1739 Earliest known act of rebellion against slavery Organized and led by slaves Place: Charleston, South Carolina

Stono Rebellion, 1739 Group walked 10 miles, killed 25 white slave owners Rebel Slaves tried to escape to Florida Rebel slaves were either killed or captured in the following months

Section 3: The Commercial North Chapter 3

Commerce Grows in the North Diversified economy: 1. Grew a variety of crops 2. Raised livestock 3. Fishing 4. ship manufacturing 5. Iron production 6. Lumber

Urban Life in the North Colonial towns grew and were beginning to prosper by the 1700’s

Elfreth’s Alley, Philadelphia Pennsylvania

Elfreth’s Alley, Philadelphia Pennsylvania

Women in the North Had few legal rights Could not vote buy or sell property Or keep their wages if they worked outside the home “…Wives ought to be under the Husband’s government…They should obey their own husbands”.

Salem Witchcraft Trials, 1692 Social stratification, gender, and economics in Massachusetts,

Historical Background 1400’s-1600’s – Witch hunts in Europe Coincided with political instability (war) Last witch convicted in England: 1682

Salem Massachusetts, 1691-1692 Abigail Williams (11) & Elizabeth Parris (9) in Salem Village asked slave Tituba to “teach them” the black arts

“Victims of Witchcraft” Girls began to act strangely as if “possessed” Dr. Griggs suggested witchcraft might be the cause of their odd behavior

“She’s a WITCH!” girls identified Tituba and 2 white women (Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne) as “witches” Accusations began!

Economic & Social Divisions Salem divided into 2: 1. Salem Town – Salem divided into 2: 1. Salem Town – Prosperous port , commercial center 2. Salem Village – Poor farming region on the periphery

Relationship Between Town & Village Town depended on Village for food Town collected (and) set taxes for Village Villagers resented Salem Town for their materialism

Salem Village

Who Were Accused? WHY?

The Accused… Females ages 11-20 From Village (“poor” side”) Accused… Middle Aged wives & widows from Town (“prosperous” side) Characteristics of the Accused: Unfeminine, aggressive, disliked

Historical Re-enactment (Scene #1)

Historical Re-enactment (Scene #2)

The Trials… Spectral Evidence allowed in court Hearsay (gossip) allowed in testimonies!

You’re Accused! What Would You Do????

You’re Accused! What Will You Do???? A)  FLEE SALEM (B)  ACCUSE SOMEONE ELSE (C) QUICK! GET PREGNANT (D)  CONFESS, EVEN THOUGH YOU ARE INNOCENT (E)  PLEAD INNOCENT AND STAND FOR TRIAL (F)  REFUSE TO STAND FOR TRIAL AND FACE THE CONSEQUENCES

Mathew Hopkins's Witch Finder Mathew Hopkins-17th century “witch hunter” wrote: “suspects must be bound and tossed in a pond” Guilty! – if they float Innocent! – if they sink 

Statistics- 1692 150 were imprisoned 19 accused witches were hanged on Gallows Hill in 1692 The 1st: June 10th -Bridget Bishop The last: September 22nd: Samuel Wardwell 1 man Giles Corey, was pressed to death on September 19th

Salem Witchcraft Trials Memorial

Salem Today

Hysteria Ended as… 1.  Doubts grew when respected citizens were convicted and executed 2.  Accusations of witchcraft included the powerful and well-connected 3.  The educated elite of Boston pressured Gov. to exclude spectral evidence (lacked legal credibility)

1692- The End of Puritan New England Salem Witchcraft Trials- Impact on American History: 1. Future generations “retained” Puritanical values (discipline, hard work) 2. Skepticism of church & state combined as 1 3. The importance of “innocent until proven guilty”

Salem Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fB1OWwFTZ8U https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDDMtfJ2OEM

Religious Revival 1730’s -1740’s The Great Awakening Religious Revival 1730’s -1740’s

By the 1700’s… A large percentage of population no longer attended church regularly Church membership declined as people grew more prosperous

1730’s – 1740’s Religious Revival New Ministers: 1. Gave effective Sermons – emotion, guilt, fear 2. Revitalized American Protestant Christianity

New Light Preachers 1. Jonathan Edward’s fiery sermons instilled fear in public “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”  In Massachusetts “the God that holds you over the pit of hell, much like a spider or some loathsome insect over the fire abhors you…” – J. Edwards

New Light Preachers 2. George Wakefield Held outdoor “meetings” Emotionally charged sermons Toured the colonies!

Impact of Great Awakening Mass social movement Provided a common identity regardless of socio-economic status Christian Protestant Denominations gained new members: 1. Baptists 2. Methodists

Great Awakening & Impact on Higher Education Modern Day “Ivy League” schools were founded 1. Princeton University - 1746 2. Brown University - 1764 3. Columbia University - 1754 4. Dartmouth University - 1769

Population by the 1770’s 1. 2.5 million ( in 13 colonies) 2. Diverse Populations Germans 6% Scots-Irish 7% French Protestants, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss 5% African 20% What happens when the parent who has allowed their child freedom tries to enforce rules????

Colonies by the 1770’s 1. Economically independent 2. Diverse 3. Socially Stratified (social classes) 4. Politically independent 5. An emerging “American “identity