Milgram’s Experiment What proportion went to 450V? standard experiment? when subject and stooge in same room? when scientist left room after giving initial instructions? 65% 25% 36%

Milgram’s Experiment What proportion of people think they will go to 450V? 450V: men or women more likely? Test done in USA, Germany, Rome, Italy, South Africa, Australia. How many go to 450V? 1% % in each case No difference

Real cases 1 Nurses told by doctor to administer 2 x max dosage of drug (clearly labeled). Nurses were told by phone; but hospital rule was that a signature required. How many obeyed? 95%

Real cases 2 You are a flight officer (not the pilot) and you see heavy ice hanging off the wings before take off. The pilot seems unconcerned. How forcefully do you tell the pilot (the authority) that you have concerns?

Real cases 2 January 13, 1982, Washington D.C. Air Florida, Flight 90Boeing B On the ground, before take-off: FO:Look how the ice is just hanging on his, ah, back, back there, see that? Captain does not respond. Later FO:See those icicles on the back there and everything? Captain does not respond. Later FO:Boy, this is a, a losing battle here trying to de-ice those things it [gives] you a false sense of security, that’s all it does.

Real cases 2 Captain does not respond. Later FO:Let’s check those wing tops again since we’ve been sitting here awhile. Cap:I think we get to go in a minute. The plane attempts take-off; reaches 300 feet; engines stall. FO:Larry, we’re going down, Larry. Cap:I know it. The plane plunges into the Potomac river. 74 out of 79 passengers are killed. Source: ‘Outliers’ by Malcolm Gladwell