Chapter 4 Section 4

Objectives Describe the primary causes and effects of the War of Explain how the outcome of the War provided the United States with an increased sense of national pride and increased respect for the United States Worldwide.

Introduction The War of 1812 was the second major clash between the United States and Britain in North America. Although neither side won a clear victory, the war gave Americans a strong sense of national pride and increased respect for America worldwide.

Madison Become President Jefferson decided not to run again for president in 1808 Republicans nominated James Madison Federalist nominated Charles Pickney Madison won the election despite lingering anger about the Embargo Act of 1807 He assumed office during an international crisis. Tensions between the British and the US were rising

Election of 1808

Causes of the War of 1812 France and Great Britain went to war in 1793 The United States wanted to remain neutral Napoleon barred British goods from French controlled Europe Orders in Council The British responded by forbidding neutral nations from trading with France The British also stopped American ships leaving American harbors and searched ships and forced impressment of many sailors US vessels were seized by both French and British navies on route to Europe US Response - Unsuccessful Embargo Act of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 Macon’s Bill Number Two of 1810

US Declares War and the War Hawks Madison passed a non-importation act of 1811 It worked and hurt the British economy On June 16, 1812 the British ended all restrictions on American trade It was too late, the Americans declared war on the British on June 18, 1812 Ironically war would have been averted if modern communications existed The War Hawks Member of Congress who supported war against Britain Henry Clay, John Calhoun, and Felix Gundy British trade restrictions had hurt southern planters and western farmers (shipped wheat, rice, and cotton overseas) Westerners accused British in Canada of arming Native Americans

Tecumseh and Tippecanoe American settlers and speculators continued to move westward Tecumseh (Shawnee leader) believed that Native Americans needed to unite to protect lands William Henry Harrison (Governor of Indiana) sent troops to attack Tecumseh Shawnee and the US Troops battled at the Tippecanoe River (200 US troops died) Ended Native American confidence in Tecumseh Tecumseh fled to Canada Tecumseh’s flight to Canada convinced Many in Congress that Britain was supporting Native Americans

Death of Tecumseh

US Invasion of Canada Although Republican-led Congress had called for war, nation was not ready to fight. Army less than 7,000 troops and little equipment Navy had only 16 ships Many were against going to war (esp. New Englanders) Problem with how to pay for the war Republicans had shut down the US Bank Bankers in New England did not want to lend money Despite not being ready for war Madison ordered the military into Canada

US Invasion of Canada Cont.. Americans attacked British Canada at several points along the US border and fought for control of the Great Lakes US attacked British in Detroit, Niagara Falls, and near Montreal US lost all the battles One year later US Navy Commodore Perry attacked British Fleet on Lake Erie After a four hour battle the British surrendered US now controlled Lake Erie US then was able to take Detroit However by 1813 the US still had not defeated the British in Canada

The Invasion of Canada

The War of 1812 Ends After more than two years of fighting the war ended with a treaty that left boundaries the same. In 1814 Napoleon’s French empire collapsed The British were now able to utilize more troops and resources against the US British Strategy – believed US would surrender Raid American eastern coastal cities Occupy New York and cut New England off Seize New Orleans and close the Mississippi River to farmers

British Forces Attack Washington D.C. and Baltimore British Attack D.C. British marched mostly unopposed into D.C. and set fire to the White House and Capitol building Then planned to attack in Baltimore British attack Baltimore US troops were ready, unlike in D.C. British bombarded Fort McHenry unsuccessfully and then abandoned their attack Francis Scott Key, an American lawyer and prisoner on a British Ship wrote the Star Spangled Banner during the battle National Anthem is the first stanza of the poem

Events in New England and New Orleans Hartford Convention – Federalists, including the Essex Junto, who opposed the war, met in Hartford Connecticut to discuss ending the war. Proposed constitutional amendments to increase region’s political power British attacked US in New Orleans 7,500 British attacked New Orleans General Andrew Jackson and his men defeated the British, partly through the use of cotton bales Nationalism grew and the Federalist party ended in a few years

Treaty of Ghent – signed December 24, 1814 Restored prewar boundaries Did not mention neutral rights or impressment Increase US prestige overseas Four years after the treaty US and The British agreed to the Canadian boundary Minnesota to the Rockies at 49 degree latitude Agreed to a joint claim of the Oregon territory

Objective 1 Describe the causes and effects of the War of 1812

Objective 2 Explain how the outcome of the War provided the United States with an increased sense of national pride and increased respect for America Worldwide.