ANATOMY – study of the parts of the body PHYSIOLOGY – function of the body ANATOMICAL POSITION – standing erect with face forward, arms at the side, palms forward

Anatomic Terminology – Position and Direction ANTERIOR or VENTRAL – front or in front of POSTERIOR or DORSAL – back or in back of FrontalFrontal Dorsal ↓

CRANIAL – refers to the head of the body CAUDAL – means tail end Tail end

SUPERIOR – upper or above something INFERIOR – lower or below something Superior Inferior

MEDIAL – toward the middle LATERAL – toward the side of the body ←←MedialLateral

PROXIMAL – toward the point of attachment to the body or the trunk of the body DISTAL – away from the point of attachment to the body Proximal Distal

SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL) – near the surface or outside the body DEEP (INTERNAL) – inside the body

Body Planes and Sections PLANES – imaginary anatomical dividing planes SECTION – cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane SAGITTAL PLANE – divides the body into right and left parts CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE – vertical cut at right angles to saggital plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior portions TRANSVERSE PLANE – cross- section, a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts

Cavities of the Body DORSAL CAVITY – contains brain and spinal cord – the brain is in the CRANIAL CAVITY and the spinal cord is in the SPINAL CAVITY. ANTERIOR or VENTRAL CAVITY contains the THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES The THORACIC CAVITY contains the lungs and heart ABDOMINAL CAVITY contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas PELVIC CAVITY contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions R Hypochondriac Epigastric Epi=above L Hypochondriac Hypo=below Chondra= rib R Lumbar Umbilical L Lumbar R Inguinal Hypogastric Hypo=below L Inguinal groin

QUADRANTS

Tissues TISSUES – cells grouped because they are similar in shape, size, structure, and function EPITHELIAL TISSUE – protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces, and produces secretions CONNECTIVE TISSUE – supports and connects organs and tissue MUSCLE TISSUE – has the ability to contract and move the body NERVOUS TISSUE – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulse

Epithelial Tissue Skin covers the outside of the body Lines the inside of the body Membrane 2 thin layers of tissue that join together Cells may secrete a fluid

Epithelial Tissues Cuboidal Squamous Columnar from Latin squama, "scale“: is an epithelium characterized by its most superficial layer consisting of flat, scale- like cells single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei. Simple cuboidal epithelia are found on the surface of ovaries, the lining of nephrons, the walls of the renal tubules, and parts of the eye and thyroid. cells are longer than they are wide; found throughout the body's organ system, including the digestive tract and the female reproductive system. They are found in the respiratory system, including the nasal passage

Tissue Continued CONNECTIVE TISSUE ADIPOSE TISSUE – type of connective tissue that stores fat cells LIGAMENTS – strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints TENDONS – white bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone CARTILAGE – firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton

ADIPOSE FIBROCARTILAGE ELASTIC CARTILAGE mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs,menisci, and the TMJ Elastic cartilage or yellow cartilage is a type of cartilage present in the outer ear and epiglottis. It contains elastic fiber networks and collagen fibers. The principal protein is elastin.

MUSCLE TISSUE  Cardiac  striated, involuntary  contracts the heart  Skeletal  striated, voluntary  attached to the skeleton  Smooth nonstriated, involuntary provides movement in various body systems

Membranes MEMBRANES – formed by putting two thin layers of tissue together, cells may secrete a fluid MUCOUS MEMBRANES– lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining

SEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled membrane - produces a watery fluid called SEROUS fluid to reduce friction between tissues and organs; lines closed body cavities the outer part of the membrane that lines the walls of the cavity is the PARIETAL membrane the part that wraps around organ itself is the VISCERAL membrane. PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines thoracic or chest cavity and protects the lungs PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE – lines the heart cavity and protects the heart PERITONEAL MEMBRANE – lines the abdominal cavity and protects abdominal organs

Organs and Systems CELLS→TISSUES→ORGANS →SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Digestive Respiratory Circulatory Excretory Nervous Endocrine Reproductive