歐盟法與生命文化 (二) 第九單元 Germany’s dual vocational training system: a model for other countries? 授課教師： Mr. Raoul Kubitschek Christian Mahnke Manager Science & Technology at German Trade Office Taipei 1 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用 CC 「姓名標示 －非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出】創用 CC 「姓名標示 －非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版

How did we get there?  Dual vocational training system has grown over a long period:  Foundation phase ( )  Consolidation phase ( )  Expansion phase (from 1970 on) 2

Historical background  Long history of practical training in Germany  Since the 12th century a system similar to vocational training existed  Completely practical oriented  Apprentice lived in the house of their boss  Learned practical daily work and developed their personality 3

 Foundation phase ( ) Started period of industrialization  Stage of rapid economic growth and modernization  Changed from agrarian society into an industrial society 4

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Foundation phase ( )  Reduced the traditional way of handiwork  Founded the first further education schools  Established the “master craftsman certificate” in

Consolidation phase ( )  Phase dominated by three major incidents  Wall Street Crash of 1929 and Great Depression (1929– 1939) 7

Consolidation phase ( )  Phase dominated by three major incidents  World War II 1939 to

Consolidation phase ( ) 9 Dual vocational training system was in service as a social buffer Establish a general compulsory vocational education 1937 Created a Vocational Training Law 1969

Expansion phase (since 1970)  Phase has continued  Continuous change of society and the economy  e.g. updating the content in the schools  Constant Focus of  => combination on-the-job training and theoretical education 10

 How does the system work? 11

From School to Work 12

German Chambers of Commerce and Industry: The Network  DIHK: Umbrella organization of 80 Chambers of Commerce and Industry (IHK) in Germany  All German companies by law have to join a regional chamber 13  3.6 Mill. IHK member companies  200 DIHK employees in Berlin/Brussels  Co-ordination of the Worldwide Network of German Chambers of Commerce (AHK) in 80 Countries

Chambers of Commerce and Industry: The “Competent Bodies” Responsible for:  Organization, registration, examination, certification  Quality assurance throughout the whole training process  Representing and organizing the companies needs, interests and inputs – in co-operation with business associations 14

Standards  Vocational Training Act  Vocational councils  Training regulations on ordinance level elaborated in standardized procedures  Curricula for both learning venues – VET school and company  VET contracts, salaries and registration  Aptitude of training companies and trainers  Examination councils and regulations  Those who train don‘t examen  Making of and secrecy of exam questions 15

Five Key Elements  Co-operation of government and industry or public private partnership  Learning within the work process  Acceptance of national quality standards  Qualified VET staff  Institutionalized research and consultancy 16

Dual Training at the School 17 The curriculum of part-time vocational schools includes Vocational subjects (two thirds).  Teaching follows an activity-based approach in fields of learning.  General subjects (one third).

Vocational Competence 18 “Vocational training shall, through a systematic training programme, impart the vocational skills, knowledge and qualifications (vocational competence) necessary to engage in a form of skilled occupational activity in a changing working world. It shall also enable trainees to acquire the necessary occupational experience.” Section 1, para (3) Vocational Training Act (BBiG)

Training Regulations They cover the following:  State recognition of the occupation  Designation of the occupation  Duration of training  Profile of the training occupation (minimum requirements)  Overall training plan (outline of the syllabus and time schedule)  Examination requirements 19

Training Contract 20 They cover the following:  Training period: as stipulated in the training regulations  Beginning and end of training: the duration of training can be shortened or extended under certain conditions  Training contents: A company training plan forms part of the contract (to which it is annexed)  Termination of employment: trainees are largely protected against dismissal after the probationary period has expired  Allowance paid to the trainee: amount is determined by the applicable collective agreement

Example Christian Mahnke  Finished school with at age 18 (similar to (Senior high school)  Started a dual vocational training as IT-system-merchandiser 19y – 22y Realization of customized system solutions Planning of marketing strategy Consulting with existing customers  Fulltime work as Key Account Manager 22y – 25y  Since 25y I have been studying at University: Bachelor & Master in BA 21

Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) 22  Overall responsibility for vocational training within the Federal Government  Securing and developing dual training  Research policy to enhance Germany’s attractiveness  Support for innovation

Training Occupations 23  There are training occupations for all sectors of the economy and administration.  The training occupations are continuously updated.  New occupations are created as required.  Training occupations show different degrees of specialization.  Training occupations are differentiated in keeping with actual needs.  Training is centered on vocational competence.

Benefits For companies and trade unions:  Influence on content and organization of training  Medium-term: low recruitment and settling in costs  Next generation of skilled workers assured  Productive performance of trainees For trainees:  Labor market relevant training leads to excellent job perspectives  Acquisition of social skills within the real life of a company  Motivation by getting training fees (earning and learning) For the government:  Private contribution eases the burden on public budgets  Low youth unemployment rate  A Win-Win-Win-Situation 24

德國工商總會 DIHK 認證證書 25

Activity based learning  Activity Learning  Introduce teaching method of work process oriented teaching  First use in business training for mid management  Pioneered by Aachen in Germany in technical vocational field  Process  Planning – Performing – Evaluation  Detailed time planning of classes  Shorter intervals, e.g. 20min  Goal to motivate student to learn on her/his own  Understanding of applying theoretical knowledge to practical applications  Easier to integrate different learner levels 26

German VET for Export  AHK Business Field  German VET raises interest in other countries  German Chambers of Commerce Worldwide (AHK) extend their activities to promote adaptation of key elements of German VET  AHK Activities are spread all over the world, i.e.  Hong Kong: Logistics  Portugal: Hotel Business  Argentina: Accounting  India: Administration  China: Mechatronic, Tool Makers, Industrial Mechanics  A lot more will be done AHKs!  Malaysia: Industrial Manager, Transport & Logistics (Start: Sept. 2013)  Thailand: Mechatronics (June 2013)  Vietnam: Mechatronics (Sept. 2013) 27

Interest from Abroad 28 “ So those German kids, they're ready for a job when they graduate high school. They've been trained for the jobs that are there.” President Barack Obama's 2013 State of the Union Address

版權聲明 頁碼作品授權條件 作者 / 來源 2 How did we get there?... Expansion phase (from 1970 on) Breitbach, Daniel 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條主張合理使用。 3 Historical background…Learned practical daily work and developed their personality Breitbach, Daniel 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條主張合理使用。 4 Foundation phase ( )…society into an industrial society Breitbach, Daniel 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條主張合理使用。 5 WIKIPEDIA commons/Airacobra P39 Assembly LOC 02902u 作者： Unknown ／數位衍生著作作者： Balcer~commomswiki 本作品轉載自 ( _LOC_02902u.jpg) 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Airacobra_P39_Assembly _LOC_02902u.jpg 6 Foundation phase ( )…“master craftsman certificate” in 1871 Breitbach, Daniel 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條主張合理使用。 29

頁碼作品授權條件 作者 / 來源 7 WIKIPEDIA commons/World Telegram staff photographer 本作品轉載自 ( WTS.jpg ) 瀏覽日期 2014/11/16http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_of_the_United_States_failure_NY WTS.jpg 8 WIKIPEDIA commons/USN 本作品轉載自 ( g ) g 瀏覽日期 2014/11/16 9 Consolidation phase ( )…Vocational Training Law 1969 Breitbach, Daniel 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條主張合理使用。 10 Expansion phase (since 1970)… education Breitbach, Daniel 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條主張合理使用。 版權聲明 30

頁碼作品授權條件 作者 / 來源 12 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第 2 頁 /Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 ET_Presentation.pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條主張合理使用。 13 German Chambers of Commerce and Industry: The Network ／ Veröffentlicht ( zeigt-belebung.html) 瀏覽日期 2014/11/17http:// zeigt-belebung.html 依著作權法第46、52、65條主張合理使用。 14 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第13頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 ET_Presentation.pdf ET_Presentation.pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第46、52、65條主張合理使用。 版權聲明 31

頁碼作品授權條件 作者 / 來源 17 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投 影片第4頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第46、52、65條主張合理使用。 18 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投 影片第5頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第46、52、65條主張合理使用。 19 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第6頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 瀏覽日 期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第46、52、65條主張合理使用。 20 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第7頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第46、52、65條主張合理使用。 版權聲明 32

頁碼作品授權條件 作者 / 來源 21 Christian Mahnke 本作品轉載自 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第46、52、65條主張合理使用。 22 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第8頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第46、52、65條主張合理使用。 23 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第10頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第46、52、65條主張合理使用。 24 For companies… Win-Win- Situation The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第11頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 esentation.pdf esentation.pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第46、52、65條主張合理使用。 25 德國工商總會 DIHK 認 證證書 本作品轉載自 esentation.pdfhttp:// esentation.pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第46、52、65條主張合理使用。 版權聲明 33

版權聲明 34 頁碼作品授權條件 作者 / 來源 27 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影 片第13頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 nte/News/JBC_VET_Presentation.pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第46、52、65條主張合理使用。 28 WIKIPEDIA commons/ 作者： Pete Souza 本作品轉載自 ( ck_Obama.jpg ) ck_Obama.jpg 瀏覽日期 2014/11/ 本作品轉載自 Microsoft Office 2013 PowerPoint 設計主題範本，依據 Microsoft 服 務合約及著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。 Microsoft 服 務合約