Page Number 1 Satellite Hyperspectral Workshop Mitch Goldberg, Chief Satellite Meteorology and Climatology Division JPSS Program Scientist NOAA/NESDIS and Roger Heymann (NESDIS/OSD), Chris Barnet(NESDIS) Robert Atlas (OAR/AOML) and James Butler (OAR/ESRL)

Page Number 2 User Requirements Weather forecasting  Improvements in nowcasting, short to medium range forecasting Improvements in Climate monitoring  Ozone, Atmospheric Chemistry  Greenhouse Gases (CO2, CH4, CO)  Temperature/Water Vapor

Page Number 3 Workshop on Hyperspectral Sensor Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and Atmospheric Soundings from Environmental Satellites Focus  The current status and the future technologies needed to support sustained global and regional greenhouse gas (GHG) and atmospheric chemistry measurements from space for operational satellite programs.  The current status and the future technologies needed to support improved weather forecasting at all temporal scales (nowcasting – medium range forecasting from space for operational satellite programs  User needs and experience with current satellite sensors, and is there a need for improved observations to meet evolving user requirements  Workshop will help the NOAA JPSS program with requirements gathering and sensor concepts relative to atmospheric chemistry, weather forecasting, and GHGs for IR hyperspectral sensors as JPSS looks beyond the CRIS FTS to the future

Page Number 4 Continuity of Polar Operational Satellites

Page Number 5 An emerging challenge for US and world (OAR – Jim Butler) Society is going to be making efforts to reduce CO 2 emissions – probably sooner than later These efforts will be regional & sectoral in nature, and diverse in their approach No large-scale emission reduction effort has succeeded without verification  Stratospheric Ozone  Acid Rain  Regional Air Quality The complexity & variability of the carbon cycle make this a challenging issue

Page Number 6 Climate Projections 6

Page Number 7 From Riley Duren, NASA/JPL - NOAA/NASA-GHGIS meeting Feb 09

Page Number Develop System Establish Baselines Critical Verif ication Period Fine Grid, Robust Verification Enhance System Maintain System Percent of 2010 Emissions Year How will Society Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emmissions? Time is now to define future baseline

Page Number 9 Surface Based Measurements Aircraft Measurements NOAA Tall Towers Initiate Partnering Tower Systems 24 NOAA Tall Towers 36 NOAA Tall Towers 30 Partner Tall Towers Equip Fluxnet Towers 40 Fluxnet Towers 8 NOAA Tall Towers 14 NOAA Aircraft Sites Increase sampling frequency 4x Begin Commercial Aircraft Sampling AirCore Operational Initiate UAS Sampling 24 NOAA Aircraft Sites 36 NOAA Aircraft Sites “Virgin Galactic” Partner Tall Towers

Page Number 10 Spatial Scale (km) Total Column XCO 2 Error (ppm) OCO Flask Site Aqua AIRS Aircraft 0 Tower Globalview Network ENVISAT SCIAMACHY CNES/EUMETSA T IASI Satellite retrievals of carbon fill gaps in scale left by the current surface/tower/aircraft in situ and flask sampling network. The operational satellite community also needs a plan!! OCO II? GOSAT Adapted from D. Crisp

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Page Number 12 Thermal instruments (e.g., AIRS, IASI, CrIS) measure mid-tropospheric column – Peak of vertical weighting is a function of T profile and water profile and ozone profile. – Age of air is on the order of weeks or months. – Significant horizontal and vertical displacements of the trace gases from the sources and sinks. Solar/Passive instruments (e.g., SCIAMACHY, OCO II, GOSAT) & laser approaches measure a lower troposphere weighted total column average. – Mixture of surface and near- surface atmospheric contribution – Age of air varies vertically. SCIAMACHY GOSAT OCO II AIRS/IASI/ CrIS AIRS/IASI/CrIS thermal IR measurements complement the solar/passive measurements by providing an independent upper boundary condition

Temperature errors as a function of sounder instrumentation Improvements in Sounding Performance NOAA/NESDIS

Operational ECMWF system September to December Averaged over all model layers and entire global atmosphere. % contribution of different observations to reduction in forecast error. Courtesy: Carla Cardinali and Sean Healy, ECMWF Forecast error contribution (%)

Spectral Resolution Impact on T/q Retrieval LW SMW Images by GIFTS/CIMSS

Sounding Strategy in Cloudy Scenes Sounding is performed on 50 km a field of regard (FOR) FOR is currently defined by the size of the microwave sounder footprint IASI/AMSU has 4 IR FOV’s per FOR AIRS/AMSU & CrIS/ATMS have 9 IR FOV’s per FOR ATMS is spatially over- sampled can emulate an AMSU FOV AIRS, IASI, and CrIS all acquire 324,000 FOR’s per day! Co-locate infrared and microwave instruments. Le Marshall et al., 2006

Spatial Variability Used to Correct Radiance for Clouds Assumptions, R j = (1-  j )R clr +  j R cld –Only variability in AIRS pixels is cloud amount,  j Reject scenes with excessive surface & moisture variability (in the infrared). –Within FOR (9 AIRS scenes) there is variability of cloud amount Reject scenes with uniform cloud amount –Approximately 70% of any given day satisfies these assumptions. Image Courtesy of Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center ( R1 = (1-  1)Rclr +  1 Rcld R2 = (1-  2)Rclr +  2 Rcld Rclr = R1 + η *(R1-R2) η =  1/(  2-  1) η = (Rclr-est – R1)/(R1-R2) AMSU is used to estimate clear AIRS radiances MODIS (imager) is used to validate the cloud cleared radiances Images provided by M. Goldberg

Page Number 18 Operational Constraints Operational missions commit to nearly 20 years flying essentially the same type of instrument. oHIRS 35 years oIASI 21 years oCrIS 21 years Mature low risk technology

Page Number 19 This means……. Important to assess current capabilities, limitations, and readiness:  What technology is ready for the next operational acquisition program?  What technology incubator programs should be supported by research agencies so that advanced technology becomes mature for operational missions?  What enhancements are needed to improve products and services?