© University of Sydney Australian Cereal Rust Control Program Professor Robert F. Park Australian Cereal Rust Control Program Consultative Committee DAFWA, Perth March 21 st 2013 Pathogenicity surveys: - wheat stem rust and wheat leaf rust - barley leaf rust - oat crown rust

© University of Sydney Database, including cereal rust collection and rust surveys, set up ca. 15 years ago In recent years, demand for rapid notification of results has increased In the past 2 years, Dr Wellings has done this manually Dr Nabil Ahmad (PBI) kindly restructured the database in FileMaker Pro, early 2011 All samples received for pathoytping are now acknowledged, and results sent as soon as they are generated, by Moving towards integrating GPS and graphical representation of survey data on web Pathogenicity surveys, rust database

© University of Sydney Wheat stem rust Common in commercial wheat crops in south eastern Australia Found on Yitpi volunteers in the Mallee in late February samples received, 4 pts identified: 34-2,12,13 (nNSW, 3 isolates) 34-2,12,13 +Sr21 (nNSW 1 isolate) 34-1,2,7 +Sr38 (45 isolates) 34-1,2,7 +Sr38 [Yalta Low] (6 isolates) Pathogenicity surveys, number of samples received and processed Year Pathogen WSR WLR WYR BLR BSR OCR OSR Total , ,

© University of Sydney Pathogenicity surveys, 2012 – wheat stem rust 33 samples received to date only 6 of these came from crops pathotypes detected: PathotypeFrom crop? 34-1,2,7 +Sr38Yes 34-1,2,7 +Sr38 [Yalta Low]Yes 34-1,2,7,10 +Sr38Yes 98-1,2,3,5,6No 98-1,2,3,5,6,7No 343-1,2,3,5,6No

© University of Sydney Pathogenicity surveys, 2012 – wheat leaf rust 15 samples received to date 6 pathotypes detected: PathotypeFrom crop? 104-1,2,3,(6),(7),11No 104-1,2,3,(6),(7),11 [Gaza high]No 104-1,2,3,(6),(7),11 +Lr37Yes 76-3,5,7,9,10,12 +Lr37Yes 76-1,3,5,7,9,10,12 +Lr37Yes 10-1,3,7,9,10,12No

© University of Sydney Wheat leaf rust race 104, pathogenicity on Lr23

© University of Sydney Frequency (%) “Old” races Race 104 group Race 76 group Year - Exotic leaf rust race 104 was first detected in 1984 in Victoria - Race 76 is another exotic isolate, first detected in 1993 By 1991 (7 years), race 104 group had all but replaced existing races: Wheat leaf rust race 104, pathogenicity on Lr23

© University of Sydney Shown to be an exotic incursion At least 17 derivative pathotypes, all regarded as fully virulent on Lr23, despite producing an intermediate response on the Lr23-differential Gaza Three pathotypes detected with full virulence on Gaza Leaf rust in a trial at Mackay (Qld) in October, with unexpectedly higher levels on several cultivars – pathotype present was 104-1,2,3,(6),(7),11 +Gaza High ,2,3,(6),(7), ,2,3,(6),(7),11 [+Lr17a higher] ,2,3,(6),(7),11 [;Lr26] ,2,3,(6),(7),11 +Gaza high ,2,3,(6),(7),11 +Lr ,2,3,(6),(7),11, ,2,3,(6),(7),11, ,2,3,(6),(7),9, ,2,3,(6),(7),9,11, ,2,3,4,(6),(7), ,2,3,5,(6),(7),11 +Gaza high ,3,(6),(7), ,3,(6),(7),11 +Gaza High ,3,5,(6),(7), ,2,3,(6),(7), ,2,3,4,(6),(7), ,3,(6),(7),11 Pathotype 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 first detected in Victoria in 1984 Wheat leaf rust race 104, pathogenicity on Lr23

© University of Sydney Shown to be an exotic incursion At least 17 derivative pathotypes, all regarded as fully virulent on Lr23, despite producing an intermediate response on the Lr23-differential Gaza Three pathotypes detected with full virulence on Gaza Leaf rust in a trial at Mackay (Qld) in October, with unexpectedly higher levels on several cultivars – pathotype present was 104-1,2,3,(6),(7),11 +Gaza High ,2,3,(6),(7), ,2,3,(6),(7),11 [+Lr17a higher] ,2,3,(6),(7),11 [;Lr26] ,2,3,(6),(7),11 +Gaza high ,2,3,(6),(7),11 +Lr ,2,3,(6),(7),11, ,2,3,(6),(7),11, ,2,3,(6),(7),9, ,2,3,(6),(7),9,11, ,2,3,4,(6),(7), ,2,3,5,(6),(7),11 +Gaza high ,3,(6),(7), ,3,(6),(7),11 +Gaza High ,3,5,(6),(7), ,2,3,(6),(7), ,2,3,4,(6),(7), ,3,(6),(7),11 Pathotype 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 first detected in Victoria in 1984 Wheat leaf rust race 104, pathogenicity on Lr23

© University of Sydney Shown to be an exotic incursion At least 17 derivative pathotypes, all regarded as fully virulent on Lr23, despite producing an intermediate response on the Lr23-differential Gaza Three pathotypes detected with full virulence on Gaza Leaf rust in a trial at Mackay (Qld) in October, with unexpectedly higher levels on several cultivars – pathotype present was 104-1,2,3,(6),(7),11 +Gaza High ,2,3,(6),(7), ,2,3,(6),(7),11 [+Lr17a higher] ,2,3,(6),(7),11 [;Lr26] ,2,3,(6),(7),11 +Gaza high ,2,3,(6),(7),11 +Lr ,2,3,(6),(7),11, ,2,3,(6),(7),11, ,2,3,(6),(7),9, ,2,3,(6),(7),9,11, ,2,3,4,(6),(7), ,2,3,5,(6),(7),11 +Gaza high ,3,(6),(7), ,3,(6),(7),11 +Gaza High ,3,5,(6),(7), ,2,3,(6),(7), ,2,3,4,(6),(7), ,3,(6),(7),11 Pathotype 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 first detected in Victoria in 1984 Wheat leaf rust race 104, pathogenicity on Lr23

© University of Sydney Pathotype 26-0 Pathotype 122-1,2,3,(6),(7),11 Pathotype 122-1,2,3,(6),(7),11 +Gaza High Wheat leaf rust race 104, pathogenicity on Lr23 Cultivars, L to R: Thatcher, Thatcher +Lr23, Gaza, AGT Scythe, Currawong, EGA Gregory

© University of Sydney CultivarResistance gene(s)Previously AGT ScytheLr23+ BinnuLr3a, Lr23, Lr37 CarnamahLr23Lr27+Lr31 CobraLr23 CurrawongLr23 DrysdaleLr3a, Lr23 EGA 2248Lr3a, Lr23 EGA GregoryLr3a, Lr23Lr3a, Lr13 EndureLr23 KennedyLr1, Lr13, Lr23 MacheteLr23 RosellaLr23 StrzeleckiLr13, Lr23 WestoniaLr23 Wheat leaf rust race 104, pathogenicity on Lr23

© University of Sydney Pathogenicity surveys, 2012 – barley leaf rust 22 samples received to date  5 pathotypes detected: PathotypeFrom crop? 5453P-Yes 5453P+Yes 5457P+Yes 5652P+Yes 220P+Yes

© University of Sydney Pathogenicity surveys, 2012 – oat crown rust 17 samples received to date, 11 pathotypes: Pathotype ,6, ,4,6,7,10,11,12 +Warrego +Nugene +Gwydir ,4,5,6,10,12 +Warrego +Nugene ,4,5,6,10,12 +Nugene ,4,7,12 +Gwydir ,6,10 +Bettong +Barcoo

© University of Sydney Pathogenicity surveys, 2012 – oat crown rust 17 samples received to date, 11 pathotypes: Pathotype ,6, ,4,6,7,10,11,12 +Warrego +Nugene +Gwydir ,4,5,6,10,12 +Warrego +Nugene ,4,5,6,10,12 +Nugene ,4,7,12 +Gwydir ,6,10 +Bettong +Barcoo “Pc91” pathotype

© University of Sydney Oat crown rust, virulence for Pc91

© University of Sydney Oat crown rust, virulence for Pc91 Sample of crown rust from wild oats from Warwick (Qld) collected on 12 Nov 2012 Found to comprise a mixture of 4 pathotypes, one of which was new and carried virulence for the seedling (all stage) resistance gene Pc91. Comparative tests showed it is likely a mutant of pathotype ,4,6,7,10,12 +Warrego +Nugene +Gwydir with added virulence for Pc91 Viz. pathotype ,4,6,7,10,12 +Warrego +Nugene +Gwydir. This is the first detection of virulence for Pc91 in Australia since we began monitoring this resistance gene in the early 1990s.

© University of Sydney Cultivars, L to R: Amagalon Drover Aladdin Genie Swan ,4,5,6,10 +Warrego +Volta ,4,6,7,10,12 +Warrego +Nugene +Gwydir Cultivars Drover and Aladdin carry Pc91 New pt is virulent on seedlings of cultivar Drover Aladdin resistant due to gene Pc50 18 out of 25 breeding lines with Pc91 rendered “S” Oat crown rust, virulence for Pc91

© University of Sydney Oat crown rust, seedling genotypes CultivarYear of release Virulence first detectedSeedling resistance genes Culgoa II PcMortlock, PcCulgoa Bettong PcBett Cleanleaf Pc38, Pc39, Pc52 Barcoo Pc39, Pc61, PcBett Graza Pc68 Moola Pc68 Gwydir Pc56 Warrego Pc61+ Nugene Pc48+ Taipan Pc48+ Volta Pc50, Pc68 Genie Pc48, Pc56 Drover Pc91 Galileo2006?Not tested Qantom Pc50* Dawson2009?Not tested Aladdin2011Not yet detectedPc50, Pc91

© University of Sydney