World Geography TodayChapter 23 East Africa Preview Section 1: Natural EnvironmentsNatural Environments Section 2: History and CultureHistory and Culture Section 3: The Region TodayThe Region Today Chapter Wrap-Up

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Read to Discover What landforms, rivers, and lakes are found in East Africa, and what physical processes have shaped the land? Why does East Africa have a variety of climates and biomes, and on what natural resources does the region depend? Section 1: Natural Environments

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Question What landforms, rivers, and lakes are found in East Africa? Section 1: Natural Environments

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Lakes Lake Victoria Lake Albert Lake Tanganyika Lake Turkana Lake Malawi Rivers Blue Nile (flows from Ethiopian highlands) White Nile (flows from Lake Victoria) Nile (combined flows of Blue Nile and White Nile) Landforms Western and Eastern Rift Valleys (tectonic) Kilimanjaro (volcanic) Ethiopian highlands (volcanic) Sudd (water from White Nile) Section 1: Natural Environments

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Latitude and elevation influence climate along the equator; highland elevations produce cooler climates, more rainfall, and thicker forests. Farther north and south, seasonal droughts are common; vegetation is limited and animal life threatened. Tsetse fly permits survival of native animal species by making livestock raising difficult. Resources are limited (some oil, gems, gold); most important are rich highland soils (for farming) and scenic beauty (for tourism). Section 1: Natural Environments Climates, Biomes, and Resources

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Read to Discover What were some important developments in East Africa’s early history? How did European exploration and colonization affect the region? What are the peoples and cultures of East Africa like today? Section 2: History and Culture

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Question Who are the important peoples in East Africa’s early history? Section 2: History and Culture

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Early History of East Africa No written histories Oral tradition Earliest Peoples Controlled much of the Nile Capital at Meroë, world’s largest cluster of pyramids Kush Conquered the Kush by 350 Controlled western Arabia Adopted Christianity Aksum Sailed along coast, established ports for trade Swahili language developed from trade Arabs Section 2: History and Culture

World Geography TodayChapter s—First Portuguese trading ports established Mid-1800s—Explorers, missionaries, and traders moved inland Late 1800s—Europeans grabbed colonies, drew arbitrary borders Colonial rule—Export economies (plantations, mines); building of modern cities Independence—Leaders of new nations were often European- educated Section 2: History and Culture European Influence

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Several hundred ethnic groups Three language families—Nilotic, Cushitic, Bantu Arabic and South Asian peoples on the coast Importance of religion and family—Animist faiths, Christianity, Islam Foods—Boiled sorghum, sour milk, roast beef and lamb, Western foods, injera bread Section 2: History and Culture Peoples and Cultures

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Read to Discover What roles do agriculture, industry, trade, and tourism play in the economies of East Africa? What are the region’s cities like? What issues and challenges do East Africans face? Section 3: The Region Today

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Farming (usually small-scale subsistence)—Beans, corn, rice, sorghum, wheat, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, tea, cloves, coconuts Herding—Cattle, goats, sheep Gathering wild plant products—Coffee beans and gum arabic Raw material exports Manufacturing—basic consumer goods, foods, and building materials Tourism—Great potential; animals, scenery, events draw tourists; provides jobs and market for arts and crafts; need to reduce political violence and preserve the environment Section 3: The Region Today East African Economies

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Question What are the region’s largest cities? Section 3: The Region Today

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nairobi, Kenya Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Largest city and capital of Ethiopia, headquarters of regional organizations Region’s most important commercial center Vital seaport, transportation hub CityDescription Khartoum and Omdurman, Sudan Largest cities in Sudan, face each other across Nile Section 3: The Region Today

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Population growth—Contributes to many problems Ethnic conflicts—Often over land and access to aid and jobs Building stable governments Promoting economic progress Protecting the environment Providing for health and education Issues and Challenges Section 3: The Region Today

World Geography TodayChapter 23 Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding the Main Ideas 1. How does elevation affect climate in East Africa? 2. What are two ways that Arab traders influenced East African languages and religion? 3. How have other cultures changed the traditional religions and diet of East Africa? 4. What activities form the basis of the region’s economy? 5. Why does tourism hold great economic potential for the region?