FOREIGN POLICY AND NATIONAL DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES Patriot High School, 2013

Definition of Foreign Policy  a government's strategy in dealing with other nations (Diplomatic, Military, Commercial)

Famous Foreign Policy Quotes  “Peace is the highest aspiration of the American people, we will negotiate for it, sacrifice for it; we will not surrender for it, now or ever.” –Ronald Reagan, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1981  “Domestic policy can only defeat us; foreign policy can kill us.” -John F. Kennedy  “There cannot be a crisis next week. My schedule is already full.” – Henry Kissinger  “The world is a dangerous place to live; not because of the people who are evil, but because of the people who don't do anything about it.” - Albert Einstein

Deployed Troops Abroad as of 2001, (does not include troops in Iraq)

Shaped by a policy of Isolationism  For at the least the first 100 years of America’s existence, US leaders were concerned very little with foreign affairs.  America’s foreign relations were largely shaped by a policy of isolationism. (does anyone know what isolationism means?)  WWI and WWII were the initial events that entrenched the United States in World Affairs

What are some reasons why it might be important for the United States to care about what goes on abroad? (outside of the United States)

Reason for the U.S. to engage in Foreign Affairs  The coming of World War II finally convinced the American people that neither they nor anyone else can live in isolation.  Whether we like it or not, the world of today is indeed “one world.”  The well being of everyone in this country---in fact, the very survival of the United States ---is affected by much that happens elsewhere on the globe.  American economy has become a truly global economy.

Foreign Policy: defined  Comprised of many different policies on many different topics.  It is made up of all the stands and actions a nation takes in every aspect of its relationships with other countries ---- diplomatic, military, commercial, and all others.  A nation’s foreign policy includes everything that that nation’s government says and everything that it does in world affairs.  It involves treaties and alliances, international trade, the defense budget, foreign economic and military aid, the United Nations, nuclear weapons testing, and disarmament negotiations.  Includes the American position on oil imports, grain exports, human rights, immigration, fishing rights, and economic sanctions

The President’s role in Foreign Policy  The President is both the nation’s chief diplomat and the commander in chief of its armed forces.  Constitutionally and by tradition, the President bears the major responsibility for both making and conducting foreign policy.  The President depends on a number of officials and agencies to meet the immense responsibilities that come with this dual role.

State Department (their role in foreign policy)  We have discussed this before in the executive lesson plan  The State Department, headed by the secretary of state, is the President’s right arm in foreign affairs.  The President names the secretary of state, subject to confirmation by the Senate.  The president looks to the secretary of state for advice and assistance in both the formulation and the conduct of the nation’s foreign policy.

Secretary of State The Secretary of State ranks first among the members of the President’s cabinet Duties of the Secretary of State relate most entirely to foreign affairs. State Department has over 20,000 workers

Breakdown of Overseas Representatives Some 12,000 men and women now represent the United States as members of the Foreign Service Under international law, every nation has the right of legation, The right to send and receive diplomatic representatives. First ever foreign service officer- Benjamin Franklin An ambassador is the official representative of a sovereign state in the conduct of its foreign affairs. Most of the formal contacts between sovereign nations---have been conducted through ambasssadors LOOK INTO WHAT IT TAKES TO BE AN AMBASSADOR Ambassadors are granted diplomatic immunity which means they are not subject to the laws of state to which they are accredited. They can not be arrested, sued, or taxed. There official residences (embassies) cannot be entered or searched without their consent. Passport- is a legal document issued by the state that identifies a person as a citizen of a state Visa- A visa is a permit to enter another state and must be obtained from the country one wishes to enter.

National Security The Department of Defense which was established by the National Security Act in 1947 (it had roots in the previous Department of War) and is responsible for unifying the nation’s armed forces and maintaining national security in the United States It is responsible for the nearly 1.4 million men and women on active duty in the military, over one million in the National Guard and Reserves, and some 650,000 civilians employed by the Defense Department Secretary of Defense- The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Secretary’s two major responsibilities are 1) the President’s chief aid and advisor in making and carrying out defense policy, (what is defense policy???) 2) the operating head of the Department. Aids to the secretary- The chief military aides consist of six members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, they serve as principal military advisors to the secretary of defense, and to the President and the National Security Council.

What makes our national security arrangement different than other countries?  Going back to the beginning of our course of study of U.S. History.  The authors of the Constitution understood the importance of the nation’s defense. They emphasized that fact clearly in the Preamble.  The framers recognized the dangers inherent in military power and the potential of its abuse. They knew that its existence can pose a threat to free government.  The Constitution is studded with provisions to make sure that the military is always subject to the control of the nation’s civilian authorities

Breakdown of Military by Branch  The Department of the Army- Largest and oldest of the armed services. It is a ground based force and is responsible 1) defeating any attack on the United States itself. 2) to take swift and forceful action to protect American interests in any other part of the world.  550,000 Army soldiers on active duty (what does active duty mean?)  Women make up 15 percent of the Regular Army.  Units within the army- infantry, artillery, armored cavalry, engineers, quartermaster, signal corps, ordnance, transportation, military police, and medical corps.

Breakdown of Military Branches, continued  The Department of the Navy- major responsibility, sea warfare.  330,000 personnel, 15% women  Marines are a combat-ready land force for the Navy. (missions- 1) to seize and defend land bases from which ships of the fleet and the air power of the Navy can operate. 2) to carry out other land operations essential to a naval campaign.  Some 200,000 men and women serve in the Marine Corps. 6 % women.

John Dexter- Marine Attack Helicopter Pilot, Afghanistan

Additional Pictures

Breakdown of Military Branches, Continued  Department of the Air force- the nation’s first line of defense.  The youngest of the military services  In time of war it’s major duties are to attack and defend enemy air, ground, and sea forces; strike military and other war-related targets in enemy territory; and provide transport and combat support for land and naval operations.  Size- 340,000 officers and enlisted personnel, 20% are women

Breakdown of the Military Branches, Continued The Coast Guard is a maritime, military, multi-mission service unique among the U.S. military branches for having a maritime law enforcement mission. It operates under the Department of Homeland Security during peacetime, and can be transferred to the Department of the Navy by the President at any time, or by Congress during time of war. 42,000 active duty personnel, 8,100 reservists, 7,000 civilian personnel.

Other Elements of U.S. National Security  The Director of National Intelligence- heads the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, established in The President appoints DNI. The DNI supervises the operations of 16 separate agencies that make up the federal intelligence community  Department of homeland security- charged with the awesome and complex task of protecting the United States against terrorism.

Highlights of U.S. foreign policy  American foreign policy has always been to protect security and well-being of the United States  Initially based on isolationism- spawned from George Washington’s farewell address- “steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.”

Isolationism vs. Global Power (Activity)

Isolationism, Proponents

Global Power, Proponents

The Monroe Doctrine  James Monroe gave the policy of isolationism a clearer shape in The United States said they would stay out of European affairs.  He warned the nations of Europe to stay out of the affairs of both North America and South America  “Any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.”  Discuss Maximilian, in Mexico 1867.

US as a world power  Good Neighbor Policy- pg. 497  The Open Door in China-

World at War  Containment- A U.S. strategy to contain the spread of Communism -Containment video clip (4:03)  Collective Security- Following World War II, the United States and most of the rest of a war-weary world looked to the principle of collective security to keep international peace and order. America hoped to forge a world community in which at least most nations would agree to act together against any nation that threatened peace.  Deterrence- is the strategy of maintaining military might at so great a level that the very strength will deter- discourage, prevent. An attack on this country by any hostile power.

Resisting Soviet Aggression  Cold War- was a period of more than 40 years during which relations between the two superpowers were at least tens and, more often than not, distinctly hostile. Consisted of threats posturing, and military buildup.  Truman Doctrine- The US began to counter the aggressive actions of the Soviet Union. In 1947 Greece and Turkey were about to fall to communism. President Truman approved a massive program of military aid to both countries, and both countries remained free -Truman Doctrine video clip (2:55)

Cold War Map

Cold War Conflicts  The Korean War- Communist North Korea attacked South Korea, (pg. 500)  The War in Vietnam- (pg. 500) Vietnam War Video (20:25 min) Korean War Vietnam War

Cold War Continued  Détente- A term in French, meaning “a relaxation of tensions”. In the Cold War, the purposeful attempt to improve relations with the Soviet Union and with China.

Dangerous World Today: Navigating Foreign Policy  What are some dangers for those formulating foreign policy have to deal with???  Point out dangers on the map!!!

Quiz Words  Right of legation  What is the Secretary of State  Ambassador  Passport  Visa  Department of Homeland Security  Role of Marines?  Monroe Doctrine  Open Door Policy  Good Neighbor Policy  Cold War

Why does the United States become involved in foreign countries? (Discussion)  The United States has several goals when conducting foreign policy. Fulfilling a commitment to preserve a peaceful world Promoting democratic values Protecting nations from aggression Encouraging market-oriented economies and free trade Safeguarding the global environment Advancing international cooperation