Do you live in the country or in a town?

The alpine town of Davos in the Swiss Alps. A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city.DavosSwiss Alpshuman settlementvillagecity

TokyoTokyo, the most populous metropolis in the world A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement. In the United Kingdom, a city is traditionally a settlement with a royal charter. Historically, in Europe, a city was understood to be an urban settlement with a cathedral.most populousmetropolissettlementUnited Kingdomroyal chartercathedral

The United Nations published its biannual State of World Cities report, identifying the trend of developing mega-regions. The largest of these, says the report, is the Hong Kong-Shenzhen- Guangzhou region in China, home to 120 million people.

(1) A major new United Nations report says that the world’s mega- cities are joining together to form enormous ‘mega-regions’ which may cover hundreds of square kilometres and be home to more than 100 million people. These so-called ‘endless cities’ could be one of the most significant developments – and problems – in the way people live and economies grow in the next 50 years, says the report.

(2) The largest of these mega-regions, says the report, is the Hong Kong- Shenhzen-Guangzhou region in China, home to about 120 million people. Other mega-regions have formed in Japan and Brazil and are developing in India, West Africa and elsewhere. Now for the first time, more than half the world’s population lives in cities.

Shenzhen Hong Kong Guangzhou

(3) The UN said that urbanization is now impossible to stop. Anna Tibaijuka, of UN-Habitat, said, “Just over half the world’s population now lives in cities but by 2050, over 70% of the world’s population will live in cities. By then, only 14% of people in rich countries will live outside cities, and 33% of people in poor countries.”

(4) The development of mega-regions is generally a positive thing, said the report’s co- author Eduardo Lopez Moreno. “Mega-regions, rather than countries, are now creating the world’s wealth. Research shows that the world’s largest 40 mega-regions cover only a very small part of the surface of the Earth and are home to fewer than 18% of the world’s population but represent 66% of all economic activity and about 85% of technological and scientific innovation,” said Moreno. “The top 25 cities in the world provide more than half of the world’s wealth,” he added. “And the five largest cities in India and China now provide 50% of those countries’ wealth.”

(5) It makes economic sense for people to move to cities but it has an effect on the rural economy too. “Most of the wealth in rural areas already comes from people in urban areas sending money back,” Moreno said. The growth of mega- regions and cities is also leading to the kind of urban sprawl we have never seen before with new slums, unplanned development and big differences in income as more and more people move to smaller towns or cities near bigger cities.

Urban sprawl spatial pattern in San Jose, California urban sprawl – a large area covered with buildings without any formal planSan Jose, California

(6) “The population of cities like Los Angeles grew 45% between 1975 and 1990, but their surface area grew 300% in the same time. This sprawl is now increasingly happening in developing countries with the image of a ‘world- class lifestyle’ outside the traditional city,” say the authors. Urban sprawl, they say, is wasteful, it adds to transport costs, increases energy consumption, requires more resources and destroys farmland.

(7) “As cities become more unequal, there is a greater danger that economic differences will bring social and political tension. Urban unrest in unequal cities is likely. The cities that are the most successful are generally those that are reducing inequalities,” said Moreno.

(8) In a survey of world cities, the United Nations found the most unequal were in South Africa. Johannesburg was the least equal city in the world, only a little ahead of East London, Bloemfontein and Pretoria. Latin American, Asian and African cities were generally more equal, but mainly because they were very poor, with a high level of slums and poor sanitation. Some of the most equal cities were Dhaka and Chittagong in Bangladesh.

Johannesburg slums

(9) The US is one of the most unequal societies with cities like New York, Chicago and Washington less equal than places like Brazzaville in Congo- Brazzaville, Managua in Nicaragua and Davao City in the Philippines. “In the US there are cities inside cities. The richest 1% of families now earns more than 72 times the average income of the poorest 20% of the population. In the ‘other America’, poor black families live together in ghettos without quality education, work and political power,” says the report.