AP Human Geography Development

4 Primary Industrial Regions History of Development Geographic areas that dominate in region Impacts (why stand out) WW Influences Status Today Region Time Period

Wednesday, April 27 Directions: Please take an FRQ from the center of your desk. Answer in complete sentences. Make sure to label your answers.

What is Development? Defined: Process of successive (positive) changes in a society as it seeks to meet the needs of its people. Culturally relative process; definition of needs varies from society to society. DevelopedGrowth long-term, structural change in a society short-term, positive and negative changes in a society

Development Classifications Developed vs. Underdeveloped Moderately, Less, Least Developed The Four Worlds First: industrialized, free-market, capitalist nations Second: centrally-planned Third: Historically meant all other countries; Today associated more with emerging economies (less developed) Fourth: UN recognized “least developed” states

Three Tier Structure Core Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology * Generate more wealth in the world economy Core Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology * Generate more wealth in the world economy Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery. * Serves as a buffer between core and periphery Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery. * Serves as a buffer between core and periphery Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology * Generate less wealth in the world economy Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology * Generate less wealth in the world economy

Global Economics Enormous gaps between the rich and poor countries of the world-25,000 die of hunger each day (most under 5). Various Economic Activities in states around the world. Even within the wealthy or First World nations there are often areas of economic disparity within regions

What does Development look like? Less DevelopedDeveloped Rural v. Urban? Populations rural but cities are growing rapidly. Populations urban but cities are growing slowly Population trends Birth & death rates are high and life expectancy is low. Birth and death rates are low and life expectancy is high. Food/dietInadequate & unbalanced diets that result in low consumption of protein. Hunger & malnutrition Adequate supplies of food and balanced diets. Health/ disease Healthcare poorGood medical services available.

What does Development look like? Less DevelopedDeveloped EducationPoor educational facilities, high levels of illiteracy Educational opportunities excellent, high literacy GenderWomen may be held in an inferior position in society Women are increasingly treated equal IncomePer capita income is low and capital is scarce. Per capita incomes are high and capital is readily available. Economic Activity Primary industries dominate national economies Manufacturing and service industries dominate national economies

Measuring Development Gross National Product (GNP) Measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year. Gross National Income (GNI) Measure of the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country.

Measuring: Sectors of the Economy Primary Sector- jobs that extract raw materials from the earth. ex. farming, mining, fishing, and forestry. Secondary Sector- jobs that include manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw goods into useful products and then fabricate them into finished consumer goods. Tertiary Sector- basically salespeople; it involves the provision of goods and services in exchange for payment. ex. retailing, banking, law, education, and government.

How this Economic indicator relates to development... MDCs: 1 st -Tertiary 2 nd -Secondary 3 rd -Primary LDCs: 1 st -Primary 2 nd -Secondary 3 rd -Tertiary

Measures of Development National Product per person-the total income divided by total population-Core (developed) about $25,000 while Periphery (developing) as low as $100. Consumption of Energy per Person- the greater the use of electricity-the higher the development Productivity per Worker-production of all goods divided by the total labor force Occupational Structure of the Labor Force-% of workers in each section-high number in agriculture signals low development

Measures of Development Transportation & Communication per person-railroad, road miles and airline connections per person as well as telephone, radio, television or computers per person. Other Rates: Literacy Caloric intake % of income spent on food Amount of savings per person

Brandt report published in 1980; Willy Brandt Highlights the growing gap in social and economic development between the developed and less developed countries of the world. Mutually dependent on each other Warned against the “North” establishing economic barriers against growing industrial “South”. Brandt Line

Human Development Index Defined: is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices to rank countries into four tiers of human development. *Type of indicator matches most closely with the measure of per capita income. WHY??

Issues with Measuring Economic Development All measurements count the: Formal Economy – the legal economy that governments tax and monitor. All measurements do not count the: Informal Economy – the illegal or uncounted economy that governments do not tax or keep track of.

HDI only includes income from the formal market. Reported to and monitored by the government, pay taxes. Formal Market: Ecuador Informal Market: Ecuador

HDI does not include income from the informal market. Not reported to or regulated by the government, no taxes paid. Formal Market: Brazil Informal Market: Recife, Brazil

Gross National Happiness Created and promoted throughout Bhutan; The concept implies that sustainable development should take a holistic approach towards notions of progress and give equal importance to non- economic aspects of wellbeing. What types of questions do you think are asked on survey to determine how happy we are?

Field Work Assignment Task: You will choose a world country and refer to the CIA Fact Book website. You may not choose the United States for this assignment. I would prefer each student choose a different country. Website: Then, Look up the requested data for your country, as per the categories of information in the table below, and circle the numbers that apply to your country. Total the number of circles in each column and conclude what classification your country falls and explain. Power of Place: When you’ve finished this assignment, you will continue to look at economic development in the world – focusing on China and Taiwan. Watch the video and answer the questions.

Africa for Norway!