Chapter 9 Expanding Markets and Moving West

UHSC-2.2 Explain how the Monroe Doctrine and the concept of Manifest Destiny affected the United States’ relationships with foreign powers, including the role of the United States in the Texan Revolution and the Mexican War. Learning Objective  I can describe how the economy of the United States changed during the mid 1800’s.  I can explain how Texas became a part of the United States. Essential Question  What effect did territorial expansion have on the development of the new nation?

Chapter 9, Sections 1and 2  Section 1: The Market Revolution  Section 2: Manifest Destiny

Market Revolution  Rise of Textile mills in the Northeast by mid century.  Specialization in agriculture takes place – raising one or two crops  People now bought and sold goods rather than making them for themselves.

The Entrepreneurial Spirit  Capitalism – economic system in which private businesses and individuals control means of production.  Entrepreneurs – people who invest their own money in businesses. Risk takers

Impact on the Household Economy  American agriculture continued to flourish.  Farmers produced important goods for the American industrial machine and became important consumers for the manufactured goods.  The cost of goods became less expensive as more people became consumers.

Inventions and Improvements  Clothing prices tumbled by more than 75% as a result of these new inventions.

Communication and Transportation  Telegraph – Samuel Morse created a device that would take a signal less than 1 minute to go from Washington D.C. to Baltimore.  Transportation – steam engine – moved goods quicker to market.  Canals – were built to move goods where rivers did not exist.

New Markets Link Regions  Northeast – Shipping and Manufacturing  Midwest – Farming  South – cotton and tobacco

Manifest Destiny  A belief of many Americans:  The United States had a Divine Right to control America, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.  Note the 1872 painting, American Progress, by John Gast:

Native Americans Displaced  Some assimilation  Others fought to keep the Americans out.  Black Hawk War - led by Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk tribe in Illinois  Ended in 1832 – Sauk and Fox tribes moved west of the Mississippi

Trails West

Mexico Invites Settlers  Mission System before the 1820s  Mexico gained independence from Spain in  Mexico offered land grants to anyone who brought in settlers. There were two stipulations:  1. Had to follow Mexican laws  2. Must follow the Roman Catholicism

Stephen Austin  1823 – led 300 families into Mexico to establish a colony, Texas, to grow cotton along Brazos River.  Each family received 200 free acres of farm land. They did not have to pay taxes on the land for six years.  Colony prospered – 1000s of Americans came to Texas.

Mexican / American Difficulties Increase  By 1830 – 20,000 Anglos - English speaking whites in Mexico  They brought 1000–1500 slaves to work the cotton and sugar fields.  1829 – Mexico abolished slavery.  Mexico did not want slavery in the territory. They hoped that Texans would free their slaves.

Mexican / American Difficulties Continued  Mexico was also worried about American expansionist tendencies (extending the borders of the United States).

Mexican Response  1830 – Mexican government closed Texas border to any further immigration.  Taxed heavily – the importation of American goods to Mexico (Texas)  AMERICANS KEPT COMING IN AND SMUGGLING GOODS.

Stephen Austin Heads to Mexico City  1833 – Stephen Austin went to Mexico City to ask the Mexican Union for a petition for Texas to become an independent state.  Austin’s petition was rejected. He was arrested for treason and spent 18 months in jail.

New Personalities  Sam Houston – former Congressman from Tennessee  Davie Crockett

Mexico Abolishes State Governments  President Antonio Lopez Santa Anna abolished all state governments in Mexico (Texas included).  He marched north with 6,000 troops towards the Alamo, a chapel and fort in San Antonio.

Battle of The Alamo  Alamo – Feb 23 until March 6, 1836  Mexican troops scaled walls killing 187 American defenders  1600 Mexicans killed during the battle

Oppression  Many American Texans saw a similarity between oppression suffered by the colonists under Great Britain and their situation with General Santa Anna.  They felt that their fundamental rights were being violated.

Texas Declares its Independence  Constitution like the one the U.S. developed  Six weeks later – Sam Houston led an army into Mexico to capture Santa Anna.  Houston forced Santa Anna to sign a treaty pledging to recognize Texas as an independent state.

Texas Becomes the 28 th State  December 28, 1845  This infuriated Mexico