J. Strait The Long-Baseline Neutrino Program in the USA Jim Strait Fermilab LAGUNA-LBNO General Meeting Helsinki, 27 Aug 2014

J. Strait Outline Brief summary of Fermilab’s neutrino program LBNE –Science goals –Experiment design –Science capabilities –Some comparisons with LBNO P5 report Steps toward formulation of LBNF LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 2

J. Strait Accelerator-Based Neutrino Program in the U.S. Fermilab hosts an active and diverse accelerator-based neutrino program. Two neutrino beams in operation and a third under design Four experiments currently taking data Three completed experiments analyzing data One experiment under construction One experiment under design Two proposals reviewed by the PAC and under consideration by Fermilab management Several experimental proposals submitted or in development. Supporting test beam program for detector development and calibration. LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 3

J. Strait Fermilab Accelerator Complex LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 4

J. Strait NuMI and Booster Beams NuMI: - tunable 1 GeV to >10 GeV -Near hall at 1 km -Far detectors 735 – 810 km BNB: -Low energy 0.1 – 1.5 GeV -Focused on short-baseline oscillations and cross sections LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 5

J. Strait Experiments in the NuMI Beam LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 6

J. Strait Experiments in the Booster Neutrino Beam MicroBooNE Determine source of MiniBooNE low-energy excess LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 7

J. Strait Proposed Short-Baseline Neutrino Program Goal: Definitive test of LSND anomaly LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 8

J. Strait Intensity Upgrades: Proton Improvement Plans I & II LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 9 PIP: Increase Booster beam repetition rate to 15 Hz –700 kW to NOvA concurrent with 8 GeV program PIP-II: Increase Booster/Main Injector per pulse intensity by 50%; decrease MI cycle time modestly –Increase Booster injection energy to ~800 MeV –Modest modifications to Booster/Recycler/MI To accommodate higher intensities and higher Booster injection energy

J. Strait Flexible Platform for the Future PIP-II Inherent Capability –~ MeV –x10 Mu2e sensitivity Future upgrade would provide > 2 MW to LBNE Flexibility for future experiments –Muons, Kaons at 100’s kW LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 10

J. Strait LBNE Collaboration 518 (137 non-US) members, 90 (35 non-US) institutions, 9 countries Michigan State MilanoMilano/BicoccaMinnesotaMITNapoliNGA New Mexico Northwestern Notre Dame OxfordPadovaPanjabPaviaPennsylvaniaPittsburghPrincetonRensselaerRochester Rutherfod Lab Sanford Lab SheffieldSLAC South Carolina South Dakota South Dakota State SDSMT Southern Methodis Stonybrookt SussexSyracuseTennessee Texas, Arlington Texas, Austin TuftsUCLAUEFSUNICAMPUNIFAL Virginia Tech WarwickWashington William and Mary WisconsinYaleYerevan UFABCAlabamaArgonneBanarasBostonBrookhavenCambridgeCatania/INFNCBPF Charles U ChicagoCincinnatiColorado Colorado State Columbia Czech Technical U Dakota State DelhiDavisDrexelDukeDuluthFermilabFZUGoias Gran Sasso GSSIHRIHawaiiHouston IIT Guwahati IndianaINR Iowa State Irvine Kansas State Kavli/IPMU-Tokyo Lancaster Lawrence Berkeley NL Livermore NL Liverpool London UCL Los Alamos NL Louisiana State ManchesterMaryland LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 11

J. Strait CP Violation in neutrino sector Violation of a fundamental symmetry of nature; viability of leptogenesis models->matter/antimatter Neutrino Mass Hierarchy GUTs, Dirac vs. Majorana nature and feasibility of 0  decay Testing the Three-Flavor Paradigm Precision measurements of known fundamental mixing parameters for neutrinos and anti-neutrinos New physics -> non-standard interactions, sterile neutrinos… (beam + atmospheric sources) Precision neutrino interactions studies (near detector) Nucleon Decay Astrophysics: Supernova burst LBNE Science Goals LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 12

J. Strait LBNO Science Goals are Essentially the Same LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 13

J. Strait LBNE Design LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug Fermilab SURF/Homestake Lead, South Dakota

J. Strait Sanford Underground Research Facility LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug LUX (dark matter) Majorana (0  )

J. Strait LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug LBNE

J. Strait LBNE Neutrino Beam Spectrum LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 17

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J. Strait Sensitivity vs. Baseline LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug LBNO

J. Strait LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug LBNE – LBNO Sensitivity Comparison Work of Xin Qian (BNL) with input from LBNO colleagues

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J. Strait Steps toward formulation of LBNF P5 report released, 22 May International Meeting on Large Neutrino Infrastructures, Paris, June Meeting of Funding Agencies and Labs on Long- Baseline Neutrinos at Fermilab, 14 July Neutrino Summit Meeting, Fermilab, July LBNE Collaboration Meeting, 28 July – 1 Aug Interim International Executive Board formed to seed a new collaboration –First meeting scheduled for September at Fermilab Goal:Submit LOI to Fermilab PAC before end of Submit full Proposal/CDR by mid-2015 LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 28

J. Strait Steps toward formulation of LBNF P5 Report Endorsed a Fermilab-based long-baseline neutrinos as a top priority for US HEP Called for the formation of a new, international collaboration to execute this program International Meeting on Large Neutrino Infrastructures Brought together funding agencies and leaders of major neutrino initiatives “to assess opportunities for global scale collaborations.” Issued statement: “The agencies and laboratory directors … support the vision of the HEPAP (P5) committee proposing that Fermilab hosts an international facility for short and long ‐ baseline neutrino oscillations, where internationally driven collaborations are encouraged to propose a program optimised in baseline and detector technology.” LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 29

J. Strait Steps toward formulation of LBNF Meeting of Funding Agencies and Labs Representatives from the US (DOE and Fermilab), Brazil (FAPESP), CERN, India (DAE), Italy (INFN), Japan (MEXT), UK (STFC) Agreed to form working group to draft an high-level international project management plan. –Group is in the process of being formed, to be chaired by J. Lykken –Goal is to have a first-draft by mid-September Neutrino Summit Meeting ~50 leading neutrino physicists invited by the Fermilab Director Purpose was “to determine whether the world neutrino community can come together and form a new collaboration to design and propose together a program that meets the P5 requirements.” Outcome is plan to form an interim international Executive Board (iiEB) and Working Groups on facility configuration, facility implementation, and the supporting program. LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 30

J. Strait Steps toward formulation of LBNF LBNE Collaboration Meeting New groups admitted from the US and Russia Collaboration statement developed by the Executive Committee, includes*: The existing LBNE collaboration (518 members from 88 institutes in 8 countries) welcomes the recommendations of the P5 panel and recognizes the need to form a new international collaboration to turn this vision into reality. We are looking forward to engaging with all interested parties to realize the P5 vision, and in particular with the international neutrino community through the process initiated by Fermilab and the US DOE. ________________________________________________________________________________ * Full statement is available at LBNE_collaboration_statement_on_LBNF.pdf; also in backup slides. LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 31

J. Strait Steps toward formulation of LBNF Interim International Executive Board iiEB nominated by an ad hoc group of funding agencies and labs, including: BNL, CERN, Fermilab, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, UK, DOE, NSF Invitees to the iiEB drawn from LBNE, LBNO and people “at large”: 7 from US; 9 from Europe; 5 from other countries Plus representatives of “Stakeholders”: FNAL, CERN, India/DAE, Italy/INFN, UK/STFC, US/DOE, US/NSF And ex officio: Co-chairs of Neutrino Summit, FNAL Dep. Director, LBNE Project Director Nominees are currently responding to the invitation. LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 32

J. Strait Steps toward formulation of LBNF Interim International Executive Board First meeting of iiEB scheduled for Sep at Fermilab, to discuss: –scientific strategic issues defining the experiment, –forming a larger community, –determining the process going forward Working Groups to be formed and charged by iiEB. –Facility Configuration (physics) –Facility Implementation (engineering, cost and schedule) –Supporting Program Second iiEB meeting envisioned to be in mid-November Goal is to submit LOI to Fermilab PAC by late November followed by a full proposal / CDR by mid LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 33

J. Strait Areas of Broad Agreement Scientific goals CPV in the neutrino sector and direct precise measurement of  CP Detection of matter effects and determination of mass ordering Precision measurements of oscillation parameters Tests of three-neutrino paradigm: Physics enabled by large, underground detector: baryon number non- conservation; supernova neutrinos, atmospheric neutrinos Physics enabled by a precision near detector Basic configuration parameters Long-baseline neutrino experiment; Matter effect is key element and precursor of CPV measurements => baseline ≥1300 km Fermilab is the MW-class protons facility and the neutrino source Large, underground far detector High-precision near detector LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 34

J. Strait Issues to be Addressed Scientific Priorities and Strategies Priority of  CP determination via spectral shape behavior relative to measurement of / ¯ asymmetry. Priority of mass hierarchy measurement on a competitive timescale. Strategy for phased/incremental approach. Priority of non-accelerator (underground) physics. Priority of non-oscillation near-detector physics. Experiment Parameters Choice of baseline (1300 km or greater) Far site alternatives: SURF/Homestake or new site ≥2000 km or with horizontal access. Need quickly to decide on a short list of alternate site(s) to investigate LArTPC technology: single- vs. dual-phase; wire vs. pad/strip readout; phasing of different designs. Beam design and options for phased upgrades. Near detector design and options for phased upgrades. LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug The neutrino community needs to work together with a commitment to resolve these questions for the proposal to be submitted in mid-2015.

J. Strait Conclusions Fermilab has a diverse neutrino program, with plans for steadily increasing beam power. LBNE and LBNO both have well-developed designs for highly-capable long-baseline experiments. P5 has given neutrino physics in the US a big boost Fermilab and the neutrino community are mobilizing to support the P5 vision –Forming a fully global collaboration to execute LBNF –Funding agencies starting to work together in support LBNF and SBN LBNE and LBNO have much in common and we have much to gain by working together to develop the best possible long-baseline program. LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 36

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J. Strait Increasing beam intensity Upgrades to the Main Injector and Recycler done as part of the NOvA construction will enable doubling the NuMI beam power to 700 kW –Convert Recycler to proton-stacking ring –Increase Main Injector ramp rate –~10% increase in intensity per pulse Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) to increase proton flux from Booster to the Main Injector –Refurbish Booster RF system: 7.5 → 15 Hz beam operation –Upgrades to Linac and Booster for higher reliability Combined upgrades will deliver 700 kW to NOvA and increase the intensity of the Booster Neutrino Beam. LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 38

J. Strait LBNE Beamline LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 39

J. Strait Near Detector LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug m 7 m Proposed by collaborators from the Indian institutions High precision straw-tube tracker with embedded high- pressure argon gas targets 4  electromagnetic calorimeter and muon identification systems Large-aperture dipole magnet Considering addition of LAr TPC or GAr TPC “active target” Design and potential improvements considered in open workshop July

J. Strait Underground Site Investigation LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 41

J. Strait Far Detector: 34 kt (fiducial) single-phase LAr TPC LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 42

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J. Strait LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug (245 kt MW yr)

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J. Strait Sensitivity vs. Baseline LBNO General Meeting – 27 Aug 14 47

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