Participles: What are they? Verb Can take an object Has tense and voice Tense relative to the main verb Adjective or substantive adj (noun) Can modify nouns: must agree in case, #, gender Decline

Various participles in English Running run, having been run About, going to run About to be run, deserving/ fit to be run

Participles: Forms Active VoicePassive Voice Present TensePresent stem + -ns, -ntis (gen) DNE or WDF (When Donkeys Fly) Perfect TenseDNE or WDF (Does Not Exist) Part. Stem + us,a,um Future Tense Participial stem (4 th principal part)+ urus,ura,urum Pres. Stem+ ndus,nda,ndum

Present Active Participle Declines like a 3 rd declension, two ending adjective In the ablative singular: can end –e or –i (see Wheelock footenote p148) Expresses action at the same time as the main verb Translates as: verb -ing

Perfect Passive Participle The fourth principal part Declines like a 1-2 declension adjective Expresses actions prior to that of the main verb Translates as: having been verb-ed

Future Active Participle 4 th principal part + -urus, a, um Declines like a 1-2 declension adjective Expresses action after the main verb Translates as: about/going to verb

Future Passive Participle Formed off of present stem +undus, a, um Declines as a 1-2 declension adjective Expresses action after main verb Translates as: deserving/fit to be verb-ed Or about to be _______ed

Loving the girl, –The poet writes a letter to her. –The poet wrote a letter to her. –The poet will write a letter to her.

Amans puellam, –Poeta scibit litteras ei. –Poeta scripsit litteras ei. –Poeta scribet litteras ei.

Having loved the girl, –The poet writes a letter to her. –The poet wrote a letter to her. –The poet will write a letter to her.

Amatus puellam, –Poeta scibit litteras ei. –Poeta scripsit litteras ei. –Poeta scribet litteras ei.