The New Monarchies: 15 th and 16 th Century England  Parliamentary Monarchy France  Absolute Monarchy

The Tudors of England

James I Constitutional Crisis New to the throne as an outsider –Inheritance DEBT –Increased taxes (impositions) Divided church –Puritans (Reformation) wanted support »No support »New version of the Bible (King James Version) Believed in the Divine Right of Kings –Parliament met at the Kings will

Scandal and Corruption –Governed by Favorites (Duke of Buckingham) Controlled access to monarchy –Sold titles –Foreign Policy (pro-Catholic?) Peace with Spain Relax laws against Catholics (Mary I ?) No support for German Protestants in 30 Years War Charles and the Spanish Princess Pro-Spanish policy ended in War with Spain (After his death)

Charles I and Parliament Parliament Refused to finance war –Increased “taxes” Upset local nobles and landlords Parliament meets in 1628 –MAD!!! –England was losing the war against Spain and now France –Petition of Right  Parliamentary consent to Taxes, troop housing, imprisonment, Charles  Intrusion on King’s rights

Devine Right of Kings Absolutism monarch exercises ultimate governing authority –as head of state and head of government not limited by a constitution or by the law An absolute monarch wields unrestricted political powerover the sovereign state and its people. Absolute monarchies are often hereditary but other means of transmission of power are attested. Absolute monarchy differs from limited monarchy, in which the monarch’s authority is legally bound or restricted by a constitution; consequently, an absolute monarch is an autocrat. total power over the land and its subject people –social classes Aristocracy clergy Bourgeoisie proletarians. Some monarchies have weak or symbolic parliaments and other governmental bodies that the monarch can alter or dissolve at will. Countries where the monarch still maintains absolute power are Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, and Vatican City (elected monarch).

Absolutism The Divine Right of Kings KING/MONARCH ultimate governing authority –head of state and head of government Not limited by a constitution or by the law –unrestricted political power –hereditary Differs from limited monarchy –monarch’s authority is legally bound or restricted by a constitution

Charles dissolves Parliament between –Why? Religious division feared Charles –Why 1640? Religious War with Scotland Charles supports the Arminians –Favored elaborate ceremonies (similar to Catholicism) Personal Rule –Thorough  Centralized government –Increased taxes  division between King and Nobles –Charles increased his court and art patronage Parliament feared he would never call Parliament WAR –Religious war with Scotland Force the Church of England –Charles needed $$$$$ for war  called Parliament Short Parliament: DEMANDS Long Parliament

Unanimous Parliament –Puritans disliked religious policy –Merchants and landowners disliked taxes Actions (Goal: cannot rule without Parliament) –Executed top advisors to Charles –Abolished thorough –Needed parliamentary permission for taxes **Divided on Religious Reform** Civil War breaks out

Civil War ( ) Parliament is divided  opportunity for Charles to gain power –Charles storms Parliament with Army –Parliament raises own army Why Fight? –Absolute monarchy or parliamentary rule England? –Anglican practice (Bishops) OR Presbyterian

Cavaliers (Royalists) –Support Charles –Northwestern England Roundheads –Support Parliament –Southeast England –Puritans BOTH –Nobility, gentry and townspeople Who Wins?!?!? –Parliament Cavalier Propaganda

Oliver Cromwell Puritan Republic How did Parliament win? –Alliance with Scotland –Reorganization of army (“godly men”) under Cromwell New Model Army Civil War becomes a Revolution –Rump Parliament –(Presbyterians banned) Abolish monarchy (executed Charles) Abolish House of Lords Abolish Anglican Church

Civil War became a Revolution

Puritan Republic –Great Britain Created Cromwell conquered Ireland and Scotland –Cromwell was a military man, not politician Disband army  marched into Parliament –Cromwell  Lord Protector Instrument of Government (Constitution) –Military dictatorship English social unrest

Negotiations –Army and Charles II Stuart Monarchy Restored (Charles II) –Restoration returned England to 1642 time period Hereditary monarchy Summoned parliament Anglican church Prayer book –BUT…favored religious tolerance Freedom to worship  loyalty to crown –Parliament did not agree

James II Renewed fears –Charles II Anti-Catholic Parliament (Clarendon Code) vs. Charles –Test Act: Monarch deny transubstantiation –James II (Catholic) Declaration of Indulgence (Religious freedom) –Control local governments Goal: Absolutism –Fear  becoming like Louise in France Action: Parliament invited William III of Orange (Netherlands) –Restore Parliament & Anglican church

Glorious Revolution William invades with army  James II flees –Vacant Monarchy –Result: Bloodless Glorious Revolution Bill of Rights: –Limited monarchy power –Guaranteed civil liberties –Monarchy rule by consent of Parliament »But prohibited Catholics The Toleration Act: worship (except Catholics) English monarchy in balance with France

The Act of Settlement 1701 The Monarchy would go to the Hanoverians (German) if Queen Anne (Stuart Family) died without an heir –Foreign Monarchy King George I

English Bill of Rights [ 1689 ] a It settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament. a It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights. a It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18 c and early 19 c in England.

English Bill of Rights [ 1689 ] a Main provisions: 1. The King could not suspend the operation of laws. 2. The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice. 3. No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent. 4. Freedom of speech in Parliament. 5. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently. 6. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. 7. The monarch must be a Protestant. 8. Freedom from arbitrary arrest. 9. Censorship of the press was dropped. 10. Religious toleration.

The Valois Dynasty in France

France in the 15 c – 16 c

The Habsburg Dynasty

Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain The Madonna of the Monarchs

Kingdoms of Spain: 1492

Empire of Charles V

The Empire of Philip II

The Holy Roman Empire: Late 1512

The Holy Roman Empire: Late 16 c

Central Europe in 1600

The Growth of the Ottoman Empire

The Battle of Lepanto, 1571

Eastern Europe in 1550

Characteristics of the New Monarchies 1.They offered the institution of monarchy as a guarantee of law and order. 2.They proclaimed that hereditary monarchy was the legitimate form of public power  all should accept this without resistance. 3.They enlisted the support of the middle class in the towns  tired of the local power of feudal nobles. 4.They would have to get their monarchies sufficiently organized & their finances into reliable order.

Characteristics of the New Monarchies 5.They would break down the mass of feudal, inherited, customary, or “common” law in which the rights of the feudal classes were entrenched. 6.The kings would MAKE law, enact it by his own authority, regardless of previous custom or historic liberties  What pleases the prince has the force of law!

England  stability under the Tudors France  consolidation of power. Spain  unification by marriage. HR Empire  different model: the cost of decentralization.