: victories in northern Italy 1798: defeat in Egypt … but left his troops there and came back to France a hero Fun fact: The French discovered the Rosetta Stone in Egypt during Napoleon’s campaign. The stone provided the key to understanding hieroglyphics.

November: overthrew Directory est. the “Consulate” named “First Consul” (Julius Caesar’s title) December: new constitution (#4) approved in a plebiscite Official report: 3,011,007 for; 1,562 against

1802: named himself sole “Consul for Life” 1804: proclaimed himself emperor (Napoleon I) Jacques Louis David’s Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon and the Empress Josephine on Dec. 2, 1804, ≈20x32 feet!

After a period of peace, Napoleon was crowned Emperor of France on 12/2/1804

Napoleon’s Throne

What the CC gained: declaration: “Catholicism was the religion of the great majority of the French” Pope can depose French bishops Church seminaries permitted What Napoleon gained: Religious freedom kept – CC not a state church Pope accepts loss of church lands & tithes State nominates bishops, pays clergy

Legal equality of all male citizens Security of $$/private property Women lost rights: Dependents on fathers or husbands Cannot make contracts Cannot have bank accounts in own names

The Influence of the Napoleonic Code Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.

Former revolutionaries put in gov’t posts Emigrés invited back, given jobs, swear loyalty oath New imperial nobility – positions granted on the basis of merit

Tax reform – no tax exemptions due to status Improvement of accounting methods Est. sound currency and public credit Est. Bank of France

Est. 30 state-supported post-secondary schools Admission based on merit Scholarships available Aim to prep students for gov’t service and learned professions

ReformsWho liked the reforms and why Concordat of Agreement b/t Catholic Church & French state Catholic Church – treated poorly during FR … Napoleon made peace with it Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code) -Legal equality of all male citizens -Security of $$/private property -Middle class – driven by Enlightenment ideas of liberty; had $$/property -Peasantry – had gained land/status from FR … code secured their gains Strengthened the bureaucracy -Former revolutionaries put in gov’t posts -Emigrés invited back, incorporated -New imperial nobility – meritocratic system -Revolutionaries, emigrés – brought into Napoleon’s gov’t. -Middle class – opportunity to earn gov’t positions Financial reforms -Tax reform -Bank of France -Sound currency & public credit Middle class – had interest in state’s economic security; liked that the Bank was privately owned (yay capitalism) Education: the lycée system -Meritocratic, state-supported school system designed to produced professionals Middle class – opportunity to get good education, later gain gov’t positions

Women lost rights (see Napoleonic Code) Little freedom of speech/press Occasional elections … not run fairly Spy system Unfair detainment & sentencing for pol. crimes

France was at war A series of wars … only Britain remained almost continually at war w/ France (1 year of peace, ). Not until 1813 were all the Great Powers (Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia) simultaneously at war with France.

1801Treaty of Lunéville – France acquires Austrian and German territory 1802Treaty of Amiens – France keeps Holland, Austrian Netherlands, German & Italian lands 1803Renews war w/ Britain 1805Battle of Trafalgar – Britain defeats France & Spain – end of French hopes to invade Britain Battle of Austerlitz – France defeats Austria & Russia 1806France dissolves HRE & est. German Confederation of the Rhine Battles of Jena and Auerstädt – France defeats Prussia 1807Treaty of Tilsit – Russia becomes an ally, accepts French reorg. of W/Central Europe; France takes Prussia’s western lands 1812Invasion of Russia  French retreat, major military disaster for France 1814Treaty of Charmont – Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain pledge alliance to defeat Napoleon Napoleon exiled to Elba 1815Battle of Waterloo – final defeat of Napoleon  exiled to St. Helena

Blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt trade b/t continental Europe & Britain, aimed to weaken the British econ & military

Beginning in 1805, Napoleon engaged in constant war GOAL – spread his “reforms” all over Europe In essence, force the people to be nice to one another Nepotism? Brother Joseph – King of Spain Brother Jerome – King of Westphalia (German state) Brother Louis – King of Holland Sister Caroline – Queen of Naples Step-Son – King of Lombardy, Venice, and Papal States Prussia and Austria will remain independent-ish

(+) introduced French laws / spread FR reforms (ex. abolish feudal practices) (-) heavy taxes, req. men to serve in Fr. army

Napoleon wants to invade England who is allied w/ AUS Russia will ally with AUS/ENG when convinced FRA is a threat to them Battle of Trafalgar (1805) FRA/SPA fleet destroyed by British Navy Horatio Nelson No more British invasion Britain  strongest navy

1814: Napoleon abdicates  Elba Louis XVIII and Constitutional Charter 1815: Hundred Days Battle of Waterloo  St. Helena Napoleon’s residence on St. Helena

Temple to the Glory of the Great Army, commissioned 1806

Napoleon’s Tomb

Battle of Austerlitz (1807) Russia withdraws from battle, giving France victory in war AUS/PRU lose to Napoleon’s army…surrender territory Treaty of Tilsit (1807) Prussia loses half its population to France Russia acknowledges France as an ally…for now HEIGHT OF FRENCH POWER

Confederation of the Rhine – 15 German states (was 300) Minus Austria, Prussia, and Saxony Effect? – creates unity among German states and distaste for France

GOAL  to isolate Britain and defeat them in economic warfare Berlin Decrees (1806) European ports closed to British commerce “Order in Council” (1806) Britain stated any ship would be seized if it did NOT stop in GB on its way to Europe. Milan Decree (1807) Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. These edicts eventually led to USA declaring war on Britain  WAR OF 1812.

Napoleon attempts to coerce Portugal to accept Con. System Napoleon attempts to replace SPA king with brother…Spanish launch a guerrilla war British aid Spain in this venture Napoleon blames Alexander I of Russia for the trouble, targets them for an invasion Russia had withdrawn from Continental System

Napoleon invades Russia with army of 600K Russians use scorched-earth policy Only 30K return home to France…enemies find this a perfect time to pounce on weaker France

Britain & Russia & Austria & Prussia vs. France Napoleon defeated at the Battle of Leipzig Lost 500K of 600K army – largest battle in world history

Napoleon refuses to give up land, exiled to Elba Bourbons restored to the throne (Louis XVIII) Two-house legislature proposed by the monarch NO FINANCIAL PUNISHMENT…Napoleonic reforms are kept and enforced Quadruple Alliance established

Napoleon escapes Elba and heads back to France…gathers popular support and invades Paris Louis XVIII flees Paris European powers fight Napoleon at Waterloo Napoleon defeated by English and Prussian army led by the Duke of Wellington Napoleon banished to St. Helena, where he dies

Napoleon on His Way to His Final Exile on St. Helena

First egalitarian dictatorship of modern times Positives Centralized French government with unified law code Lasting settlement with the Church Spread positive achievements of the FR through Europe Negatives Repressed individual liberties Oppressed conquered people throughout Europe Caused suffering due to war