Do Now 1. Do you feel that a violent revolution is sometimes the only answer to solve a problem? 2. What are some diplomatic (verbal, negotiations) ways people can solve problems?

French Revolution In the 1700s, France was considered the most advanced country of Europe. It had a large population and a prosperous foreign trade. It was the center of the Enlightenment, and France’s culture was widely praised and imitated by the rest of the world. However, the appearance of success was deceiving.

France: Why would a revolution take place in these circumstances?

French Revolution The Old Regime Old Regime—social and political system in France during the 1770s Estates—three social classes of France’s Old Regime The Privileged Estates First Estate—Catholic clergy—own 10 percent land, pay few taxes Second Estate—rich nobles—2 percent population, own 20 percent land The Third Estate 97 percent of people are peasants, urban workers, middle class Have few privileges, pay heavy taxes, want change

French Revolution Continues Enlightenment Ideas Enlightenment ideas inspire some in Third Estate Economic Troubles High taxes and rising costs damage economy by 1780s King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette known for extravagance Louis doubles nation’s debt; banks refuse to lend more money

French Revolution Continues The National Assembly Third Estate has little power under old rules Third Estate sets up National Assembly—new legislature to make reforms Tennis Court Oath—delegates decide to write new constitution for France Storming the Bastille Rumors fly in Paris that Louis wants to suppress National Assembly Mob attacks and seizes Bastille, killing guards on July 14, 1789 The roof is on fire

End of the French Revolution A Limited Monarchy In September 1791, Assembly finishes new constitution Legislative Assembly—new body created to pass laws Problems with Other Countries Austrians and Prussians want Louis in charge of France; France declares war

End of the French Revolution Jacobins Take Control Jacobins—radical political organization behind 1792 governmental changes After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty of treason and beheaded by the guillotine. Divided Country Not all people in France support all changes of the Revolution Robespierre Assumes Control Maximilien Robespierre—Jacobin leader rules France for a year as a dictator. Reign of Terror—Robespierre’s rule, which includes killing many opponents Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies and Marie Antoinette 85 percent of those who die during the Terror are middle or lower class

Napoleon Takes Power Hero of the Hour In 1795, Napoleon Bonaparte, commander of the French Army, defeats royalist rebels attacking National Convention Napoleon wins stunning victories in Italy, gaining popularity Coup d’État (coo day ta) In November 1799, he carries out coup d’état—seizure of power. Napoleon defeats British, Russians, Austrians who join forces against him

Napoleon Takes Power Restoring Order at Home To fix economy, he sets up national banking system, efficient tax collection Establishes lycées—government-run public schools to train officials Signs concordat—agreement—with pope restoring Catholicism in France Creates Napoleonic Code—uniform system of laws Napoleon Crowned as Emperor In December 1804, Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France

The End of Napoleon Napoleon Suffers Defeat Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join forces against Napoleon Napoleon raises another army, but meets quick defeat by allied powers Napoleon finally surrenders and is exiled to island of Elba The Hundred Days Louis XVIII, new king, is soon overthrown and Napoleon returns from exile Waterloo—British, Prussian forces defeat Napoleon’s army This defeat ends Hundred Days—Napoleon’s last attempt at power.

A Meeting of Nations The End of Napoleon Congress of Vienna—series of meetings that reshape Europe monarchs deposed by Napoleon are returned to thrones Leaders hope to restore order through these changes Congress of Vienna succeeds in getting all European governments together Fair deals are worked out so that the meeting does not lead to more war European nations agree to preserve peace, which lasts almost 40 years

November 2015 Paris Attacks  Video  Article  Poster Reference your Do Now #PeaceForParis #LBLovesParis