1. List the steps of the Policymaking System 2. Explain what happens when a working policy is unpopular or unsuccessful. People, linkage institutions, policy agenda, policymaking institutions, policy, and policy impact on people

Chapter 2

Constitution – a nation’s basic laws The Origins of the Constitution  Declaration of Independence 1776 (rebellion, considered treasonous even in the United States) Thomas Jefferson was very knowledgeable about philosophy, **especially John Locke Thomas Jefferson used many of Locke’s ideas Locke’s foundation was belief in Natural Rights – rights inherent in humans, not dependent on the government (incl. Life, Liberty & Property) Locke believed people exist in a state of nature where there are no laws & government instead laws are determined by people’s innate moral sense Locke argued about government: oPeople entered a social contract voluntary agreement between the government & the governed oShould be built on a consent of the governed and be limited oSole purpose was to protect Natural Rights

2 Limits on gov’t were important to Locke 1. Laws must be standing (written) 2. **Gov’t cannot take property away (property very important) The Articles of Confederation 1776 – 1787 (the 1st constitution) National Legislature (1 House, states could send as many as 7 or 2 delegates) Very limited powers: Maintain Army & Navy (but had little $ to do that), No power to tax Most power in State Legislature (feared a strong central gov’t, seen as tyrannical) Articles failures: small band of farmers in Mass. rebelled losing land led by Daniel Shays (Rebellion). Neither Congress nor the state could raise $ to stop it. Continental Congress (Constitutional Convention) called states just to fix Congress couldn’t tax (only request $) Congress couldn’t regulate interstate or foreign commerce No national judiciary to solve state disputes No executive to enforce act of Congress

Journal Entry #2 1.Look at the cartoon and describe different things you see. 2.Interpret the meaning of the cartoon.

England: Circle on topAoC: Squares on top Why did the colonists want this change? Gov’t

Constitution: The men had differences but all agreed on 4 basic ideas: 1.Human Nature – Hobbes’ idea that human nature does need a strong government 2.Political conflict – Madison and others believed there will be conflict and parties (factions) will arise. The source was the distribution of wealth 3.Objects of gov’t – Preservation of property was “principle object of gov’t” (Lockean idea) 4.Nature of government – used Montesquieu’s idea of separate branches w/ability to check each others power 3 Big Issues that were debated at that time: I. Equality - The DOI states all men created equal, but Constitution is silent on equality. 1.Equality & Representation of states – How congress is counted i. New Jersey Plan – every state had equal number ii. Virginia Plan – Representation by population **Settled with the Connecticut (Great) Compromise, 2 Houses**

Little State Big State = The New Jersey Plan: Equal Representation

LittleStateBigState = The Virginia Plan: Proportional Representation

The Connecticut Compromise (the Great Compromise) Equal Representation Proportional Representation

2.Slavery – was legal in all states but Mass. (never say word slavery, but did recognize idea) a.**Delegates agreed to limit the future importing of slaves, but not outlaw (importing slaves banned 1808) b. 3/5 Compromise – counted slaves for representation 3.Political Equality – Who should be able to vote. Left it up to states, people who can vote in state can vote in national. II. Economic issues – biggest idea is that government gets more involved than Articles. **Ex. Congress power to tax citizens & borrow money **Commerce & Slave Trade Compromise – Since new government could tax, South was scared. So compromise was that Congress could neither tax exports from states nor ban the slave trade for a period of 20 years III. Individual Rights Issues – Delegates knew importance of preserving individual rights but mentioned little about personal freedoms (which became a cry for people to see rights in writing)

FEDERALISTSANTI-FEDERALISTS  Division of power  Single chief executive  Powerful federal government  BoR unnecessary—the government was limited  Ratification  More powerful legislative branch  Feared a strong executive might become a tyrant  Weaker federal government  BoR to protect to protect the rights of people  Opposed ratification

Journal Entry #3 1. Why did the southern states want to count slaves as part of their population? To have more representatives 2. How was the issue in question 1 resolved? 3/5 compromise

Protections Constitution does mention 1. Prohibit suspension of writ of habeas corpus (court order requiring jailers to explain to judge why holding prisoner) except during invasion/rebellion (Article I, Sect 9) 2. Congress or states can’t pass bills of attainder (punish people without judicial trial) (Article I, Sect 9) 3. Congress or states can’t pass ex post facto laws (punish people for acts that weren’t illegal when committed) (Article I, Section 9) 4. No religious qualifications to hold office

Madisonian Model: 1.Limiting majority (non land owners) control – only HOR directly voted by people. **Yet State Legislatures elected Senators (6 yrs) & special electors (Electoral College) chose president, Judges are nominated by pres. (lifetime appt.) *Madison observed that the source of factions (divisions) would be unequal property 2.Separating Powers – 3 branches so not one could control another or too much 3.Creating checks & balances – President can veto, Congress holds power of purse & approve presidential appointments. *Supreme Court asserted its power to check other branches (judicial review – hold actions unconstitutional of other branches) in Marbury v. Madison **Purpose was to set power against power to constrain gov’t actions** 4.Est. a federal system – Divide powers between National & state (specific powers for State & Federal and also denies power to both)

Ratification: needed 9 of 13 states to approve (**Federalists specified the Constitution be ratified by special State Conventions) Constitutional Change: Jefferson said “The Constitution belongs to the living and not the dead” Methods of Amending the constitution

**Some changes are informal known as “Informal Amendments” such as: Legislative actions, Executive actions, Judicial interpretation/review, custom & usage, & changing technology The Importance of Flexibility: Constitution (even w/27 amendments) is a short document Doesn’t get into too much detail how gov’t will function The authors created a flexible system of government that can adapt to the needs of time w/out sacrificing personal freedom