Taxonomy Science of classifying organisms into taxa (groups) Wheatley FacultyStudents ScienceSocial StudiesMathEnglishGrade 8Grade 9Grade 10Grade 11Grade 12

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Subphylum Subspecies Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo Sapiens Homo sapiens sapiens

Five Kingdom System (Traditional) Carl Linnaeus MoneraProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia Not good enough!

Three Domain / 4 Kingdom System (Modern) Eukarya Bacteria Archaea Universal Ancestor Prokaryotes extremophiles Pathogens decomposers Genetic engineering Peptidoglycan conjugation Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Kingdoms Eukaryotic

Protista Wide variety autotrophs/heterotrophs

Fungi -Uni & multicellular -Saprobes -Extracellular digestion -Chitin -Sexual/Asexual

Plantae -Multicellular -Chlorophyll a & b -Starch -Alternation of Generations

Evolutionary Trends in Animals Specialized cells, tissues, organs Germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry Cephalization Coelom *Diploblastic vs. Triploblastic

Phyla of Kingdom Animalia

Porifera -No symmetry -Sessile -Diploblastic -Fragmentation -Hermaphrodites

Cnidarians -Radial symmetry -Polyp (asexual) / Medusa (sexual) -Diploblastic (w/ mesoglia) -Gastrovascular cavity -Lysosomes -Cnidocytes

Nerve net

Platyhelminthes -Bilateral symmetry -Triploblastic -One digestive opening -Diffusion w/ environment -Acoelomates Flat Worms

Nematodes -Bilateral symmetry -Triploblastic -Two digestive openings -Pseudocoelomates Round Worms

Annelids -Bilateral symmetry -Triploblastic -Coelomates -Crop, gizzard, intestine -Nephridia -Hermaphrodites -Closed circulatory sys *Hemoglobin *Aortic arches (5) -Gas exchange via skin Segmented Worms

Mollusks

-Bilateral symmetry -Triploblastic -Soft bodied (shell) -Coelomates -3 body zones -Open circulatory sys. -Gills -Nephridia -Radula

Arthropods Hemocoels (sinuses) Spiracles & Tracheal Tubes Malpighian Tubules

Echinoderms

Chordates

Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Porifera (Sponges) Cnidarians (Jellies, Coral, and Anemones) Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms) Nematodes (Round Worms) Annelids (Segmented Worms) Phylum SymmetryBody Plan Asymmetrical Radial Bilateral Specialized cells NOT arranged as tissues Two tissue layers: 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm (Mesoglea in btwn) Pseudo- coelomates Coelomates Important Characteristics Simplest animals (colonial group of cells) Sessile & must filter feed Can regenerate & reproduce asexually from fragments broken off of parent sponge Two forms: polyp (sessile) & medusa (motile) Tentacles contain cnidocytes (“stinging cells”) Nerve Net (primitive nervous system) Planarians: free-living carnivores Flukes: parasitic Tape worms: parasitic Acoelomates Cephalization & Mesoderm (third germ/tissue layer that produces muscle, blood, & organs) Range from nearly microscopic to 20m long Types: Sophistication of Nervouse system & Complete digestive tract Range from less than 1mm to 1m long 90,000 known species (many more unknown) Some are free living; others are parasitic ex. Trichinella spiralis (trichinosis) Range from less than 1mm to 3m long Closed circulatory system Multi-region digestive system Metanephridia: tubes that remove wastes ex. Earth worms & Leeches

Phyla of Kingdom Animalia (continued) Phylum Symmetry Body Plan Bilateral (as embryo) & Radial (as adults) Coelomates Mollusks (Snails, Slugs, Squids, Octopuses, Oysters, clams) Arthropods Insects Arachnids Centipedes Millipedes Crustaceans Echinoderms “spiny skin” Sea Stars Brittle Stars Urchins Sea Cucumbers Chordates Bilateral Coelomates Soft-bodied Most protected by hard shell Open circulatory system 3 main parts: Muscular Foot - for movement Visceral Mass - contains organs Mantle - secretes calcium carbonate shell Slugs, squids, & octopuses have reduced, internal shells Segmented bodies Protein and chitin cuticle (exoskeleton) Open circulatory system Most successful animal phyla Insects most diverse group of animals Important Characteristics Thin layer of skin covers endoskeleton Slow moving Water vascular system Tube feet Some capable of regeneration (sea stars) Embryonic Notochord: long, flexible rod under nerve cord Nerve Cord: develops into central nervous system Muscular, Postanal Tail Homeotherms vs. Poikilotherms Pronounced Cephalization Vertebral Column Closed Circulatory System Vertebrates:

Characteristics of Mammals 1. Milk 2. Hair or fur 3. Homeotherms 4. Eutherians vs. Marsupials vs. Monotremes

Characteristics of Primates 1. Opposable thumbs 2. Finger and toe Nails 3. Front facing, close set eyes 4. Single Birth/Involved parenting (overlapping vision) (Humans, gorillas, chimps, orangutans, gibbons, monkeys)