 *observe color and texture to determine mineral composition  Texture- look & feel of rock’s surface  Grains- particles of minerals or other  rocks.  Size  Shape  Pattern  No visible grain  Origin Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

 * Most abundant on Earth  *Formed from cooling of molten rock  *Classified as intrusive or extrusive Animation om/books/earth_scienc e/terc/content/investiga tions/es0603/es0603pa ge05.cfm

 Intrusive  *Cooling of magma below Earth’s surface  *slow rate of cooling  *Large mineral crystals  *Coarse-grained texture  *Examples: granite, gabbro, diorite, pegmatite

 Extrusive  *Cooling of lava on Earth’s surface  *Fast rate of cooling  *Small or no mineral crystals  *fine-grained texture if small crystals  *glassy texture if no crystals  *Examples: basalt, obsidian, pumice, scoria, rhyolite

 *Some rocks begin to cool deep underground when suddenly magma is forced to the earth’s surface. This rock will have large mineral grains surrounded by fine mineral grains. This texture is called porphyry.

 *lava low in silica usually forms dark- colored rocks such as basalt  *magma that is high in silica usually forms light-colored rocks such as granite

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 Sediment- small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or living things.

1. Rock fragments and sediments are moved by erosion.

2. Erosion slows down and sediments are deposited.

3. Layers of sediments build up and they become compacted into rock.

4. Minerals in the rock dissolve in water. The dissolved minerals seep into spaces between the sediments and act like a glue, cementing them together. content/visualizations/es0605/es0605page01.cfm?ch apter_no=visualization

1. clastic- formed when rock fragments are squeezed together.  shale- clay particles  sandstone- sand  comglomerate- mixture of rock fragments of different sizes Shale Conglomerate Sandstone

2. organic- from remains of living matter.  coal- swamp plants  limestone- shells or skeletal remains of living things Coal Limestone Coquina

3. chemical- form when minerals dissolved in solution crystallize.  limestone  rock salt (halite) Limestone Halite

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 *Formed from heat and pressure deep beneath Earth’s surface.  *Form from igneous, sedimentary or other metamorphic rocks.  *Results in a change in a rocks texture, crystal structure & mineral content.

 *Heat comes from rock being pushed down close to the mantle at converging plate boundaries, or by magma rising through the crust.  *The deeper the rock, the more pressure.  *Classified by the arrangement of the grains in the rock (foliated or nonfoliated)

 *Foliated- mineral grains are arranged in parallel bands  Ex: slate, gneiss Shale Slate Granite Gneiss Animation alizations/es0607/es0607page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

 *Nonfoliated-mineral grains are arranged randomly.  Ex: marble, quartzite LimestoneMarble Sandstone Quartzite

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 Rock Cycle- series of processes on Earth’s surface and inside the planet that slowly change rocks from one kind to another.  Constructive and destructive forces move rocks through the cycle.

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