HUMAN DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES ERIK ERIKSON’s Developmental Stages

Erik Erikson: Psychoanalyst Described the physical, emotional & psychological stages of development Relates specific issues, or developmental work or tasks, to each stage of human development. He believed that growing & learning are lifelong tasks.

INFANT:BIRTH- 18 MONTHS TRUST VS MISTRUST – Needs maximum comfort with minimal uncertainty to trust himself/herself, others and the environment

TODDLER: 18 MONTHS-3YRS AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT – Works to master physical environment while maintaining self esteem

PRESCHOOLER: 3-6 YRS INITIATIVE VS GUILT – Begins to initiate, not imitate, activities; develops conscience and sexual identity

SCHOOL-AGE CHILD: 7-12 YRS INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY – Tries to develop a sense of self-worth by refining skills

ADOLESCENT: YRS IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION – Tries integrating many roles (child,sibling, student, athlete,worker) into a self-image under role model and peer pressure

YOUNG ADULT:19-34 YRS INTIMACY VS ISOLATION – Learns to make personal commitment to another as spouse, parent or partner

MIDDLE AGE ADULT: YRS Generativity vs Stagnation – Seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family, and civic interests

OLDER ADULT: 60 + INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR – Reviews life accomplishments, deals with loss and preparation for death

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES ABRAHAM MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

MASLOW’S THEORY OF PERSONALITY Abraham Maslow Theory of Motivation based on needs developed in Arranged them in order of importance; that is, he believes you must fulfill the lower needs before achieving a higher one. If you climb the pyramid of needs, you will achiever great satisfaction with life.

MASLOW’S FIVE STAGE MODEL BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS – Basic life needs: air,food, drink, shelter, warmth, sleep, etc.

MASLOW’S FIVE STAGE MODEL SAFETY NEEDS – Protection,security, order, law, limits, stability,etc.

MASLOW’S FIVE STAGE MODEL BELONGINGNESS AND LOVE NEEDS – Family, affection, relationships, work group,etc.

MASLOW’S FIVE STAGE MODEL ESTEEM NEEDS – Achievement, status, responsibility, reputation

MASLOW’S FIVE STAGE MODEL SELF-ACTUALISATION – Personal growth and fulfilment

MASLOW’S FIVE STAGE MODEL:

Types of growth and development: Physical..body growth,height,weight,muscle & nerve development, body organ changes Mental..development of the mind,including judgment, problem solving, dealing with situations Emotional..dealing with fear,excitement,love, hate Social..interactions and relationships with other people

Human Growth and Development Life Stages

LIFE STAGES: Infancy- birth to 1 yr Early Childhood- 1-6 Late Childhood – 6-12 Adolescence – yrs Early Adulthood – yrs Middle Adulthood yrs Late Adulthood – 65 yrs and up

Adolescence Puberty..development of secondary sexual characteristics Growth spurts girls: yrs Growth spurts boys: yrs Conflicts and insecurity may cause: – Anorexia dramatic reduction in eating or refuses to eat – Bulimia, alternate binges and fasts, sometimes with purges – Chemical abuse of alcohol or drugs – Suicide, depression, lack of self esteem

Late Adulthood Alzheimer’s disease..irreversible loss of memory, deterioration of intellectual functions, disorientation, speech and gait disturbances Arteriosclerosis, hardening of the walls of the arteries in the brain causing decreased mental abilities

Five Stages of Grief Denial..unable to accept the reality of death Anger..pt. very hostile and bitter Bargaining..pt. accepts death but want more time to live Depression..great sadness and despair Acceptance..final stage, pt. understands and accepts death.

HOSPICE CARE PALLIATIVE CARE..support and comfort until death Professional support, hospital equipment Pain control Death with dignity in home setting surrounded by loved ones Family support during mourning period

MEETING DEVELOPMENTAL NEEDS NEEDS must be satisfied by direct or indirect methods DIRECT: – Hard work – Realistic goals – Situation evaluation – Cooperation with others

MEETING DEVELOPMENTAL NEEDS INDIRECT: involves defense mechanisms – Rationalization – Projection – Displacement – Compensation – Daydreaming – Repression – Suppression – Denial – Withdrawal