D OMAINS AND K INGDOMS

More inclusive than Kingdoms Based on molecular (DNA) analysis ◦ Organisms grouped based on how long they have been evolving independently ◦ Domains Kingdoms 1. Bacteria = Eubacteria 2. Archaea = Archaebacteria 3. Eukarya = Protista - Animalia

Kingdoms

Classified by major characteristics: 1. Cell Type : prokaryotic (no nucleus) or eukaryotic ( nucleus ) 2. Cell Walls : absent or present 3. Body Type : unicellular or multicellular 4. Nutrition : autotroph (makes own food) or heterotroph (gets nutrients from other organisms)

1. Eubacteria ◦ Prokaryotic cells ◦ Cell walls with peptidoglycan ◦ Auto/heterotrophs ◦ Ex.: E. coli

2. Archaebacteria Prokaryotic, unicellular without peptidoglycan Does not need oxygen Found in extreme environments Volcanic hot springs Ex.: Methanogens 3. Protista Eukaryotic “leftover” group - not a plant, animal, or fungi Unicellular/multicellular Auto/Heterotroph Ex.: amoeba, slime mold

4. Fungi ◦ Eukaryotic ◦ Unicellular/Multicellular ◦ Heterotrophs ◦ Chitin in cell walls ◦ Ex.: mushrooms, yeast ◦ More than 70,000 known species 5. Plantae ◦ Eukaryotic ◦ Multicellular ◦ Autotrophs: photosynthesize ◦ Cellulose; chlorophyll ◦ Ex.: mosses, ferns, flowers ◦ More than 350,000 known species

6. Animalia ◦ Eukaryotic ◦ Multicellular ◦ Heterotrophs ◦ No cell wall or chloroplasts ◦ Ex.: sponges, worms, insects, mammals ◦ More than 1 million known species