1 ICCCN 2003 Modelling TCP Reno with Spurious Timeouts in Wireless Mobile Environments Shaojian Fu School of Computer Science University of Oklahoma.

2 ICCCN 2003 Introduction Delay spikes are especially more frequent in today's wireless mobile networks than in traditional wired network, which will cause Spurious Timeouts (ST). Previous studies on Modelling TCP performance over wireless networks focus on the impact of wireless random losses. Spurious Timeouts must be considered explicitly to accurately model the steady state sending rate and throughput of TCP. Proposed an analytical model for the sending rate and throughput of TCP Reno as a function of packet error rate and characteristics of spurious timeouts.

3 ICCCN 2003 Outline The background on Delay Spike and Spurious Timeout provided. Impact of this model on future transport protocol research. Modelling assumptions. Analytical model. Validation of the model with simulation works. Compare with previous model on TCP perfromance.

4 ICCCN 2003 Examples of Delay Spikes Time Normal RTT Round Trip Time Delay spikes

5 ICCCN 2003 Events causing delay spikes in wireless mobile environment The handoff of a mobile host between cells requires the registration with the base stations. The physical disconnection of the wireless link during a hard handoff. Retransmission at Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, e.g. GPRS and CDMA2000. Higher-priority traffic, such as circuit-switched voice, can preempt (block) the data traffic temporarily.

6 ICCCN 2003 Spurious timeout illustrated

7 ICCCN 2003 Sender’s congestion window Spurious Timeout Begin transmit new data

8 ICCCN 2003 Previous models on TCP performance Early TCP analytical models only consider slow start and congestion avoidance. Recent models take into account the RTO timeout caused by random losses during transmission, such as the model proposed by Padhye et. al. (Referred as PFTK model in our paper). Since Spurious Timeouts are not frequent in wired networks, they are considered to be a transient state, and thus cannot produce much impact on the steady state performance of TCP. In wireless mobile environment, Spurious Timeouts are more frequent. They must be modelled explicitly to estimate the steady state performance of TCP more accurately.

9 ICCCN 2003 A new analytical model considering the characteristics of Spurious Timeouts Impacts of Spurious Timeouts are explicitly built into the analytical TCP performance model. Stochastic analysis of the steady state sending rate and throughput of TCP Reno as a function of:  packet error rate,  interval between long delays,  duration of long delays. The model proposed by Padhye et. al. (referred as PFTK model) can accurately predict TCP performance over a wide range of loss rates. We use this model as a basis of our work.

10 ICCCN 2003 Possible application of the model Fundamental trade off between the detection rapidness of actual losses versus the risk of unnecessary retransmissions:  small RTO: fast detection, more risk of spurious timeout;  large RTO: slow detection, less risky but long stall time. RTO min has significant impact on RTO value, common practice is set it to 2*clock. This model can assist in determining an appropriate value of RTO min since it considers spurious timeouts explicitly. Help evaluating the impact of lower layer protocols’ settings on the performance of TCP. Help evaluating different TCP modifications designed for alleviating the effect of Spurious Timeout.

11 ICCCN 2003 Modelling Assumptions The sending rate is not limited by the advertised receiver window, and the sender always has sufficient data to send. Segment losses in a round are independent from losses in other rounds. All other segments which were sent after the first lost segment in a specific round are also lost. The time required to send a window of data is smaller than an RTT. No RTT fluctuation measurements caused by queuing delays. In the absence of delay spikes, the RTT measurements compose a stationary random process.

12 ICCCN 2003 Stochastic model of long delay pattern Variation of RTT showing delay spikes Markov Chain model

13 ICCCN 2003 One Long Delay Period (LDP)

14 ICCCN 2003 One Long Delay Cycle (LDC)

15 ICCCN 2003 Steady-state Sending Rate Estimation Consider LDC as the basis for steady state sending rate calculation, instead of using NP in PFTK model. The proposed model considers a larger time scale than PFTK model: one LDC is composed of several NP and one LDP. A high-level expression of the model:

16 ICCCN 2003 Steady-state Throughput Estimation Use the sending rate as the basis of throughput estimation. Subtract dropped segments and multiple retransmitted segments for the same segment from total number of segments sent during NP. Subtract dropped segments and spuriously retransmitted segments from total number of segments sent during LDP. The duration of LDC unchanged for throughput estimation.

17 ICCCN 2003 Simulation Setup Topology: Parameters:

18 ICCCN 2003 Sending rate estimation comparison (200ms RTT) RTT=200ms E(I)=30s RTT=200ms E(I)=240s

19 ICCCN 2003 Sending rate estimation comparison (400ms RTT) RTT=400ms E(I)=30s RTT=400ms E(I)=240s

20 ICCCN 2003 Throughput estimation comparison (200ms RTT) RTT=200ms E(I)=30s RTT=200ms E(I)=240s

21 ICCCN 2003 Throughput estimation comparison (400ms RTT) RTT=400ms E(I)=30s RTT=400ms E(I)=240s

22 ICCCN 2003 Estimation error vs. LDF* Sending rate estimation error Throughput estimation error LDF = E(D)/E(I)

23 ICCCN 2003 Estimation error vs. RTT Sending rate estimation error Throughput estimation error

24 ICCCN 2003 Estimation error vs. packet error rate Sending rate estimation error Throughput estimation error

25 ICCCN 2003 Conclusion The proposed model can characterize the impact of delay spikes with different patterns on TCP’s performance. The proposed model is more accurate than the PFTK model in estimating the steady state sending rate and throughput of TCP, especially in presence of frequent long delays. Future research can be made on applying the model in TCP RTO setting selection or lower layer retransmission protocol design evaluation.