GO C1Investigate and describe, in general terms, the role of different substances in the environment in supporting or harming humans and other living things. 1.3 Substance Essential to Living Things

Guided Question What are the Organic and Inorganic Substances essential to living things?

All chemicals can be grouped into substances and substances. All chemicals can be grouped into Organic substances and inorganic substances. All living thing depend on both types of substances for growth All living thing depend on both types of substances for growth Inorganic substances generally contain the element Carbon. Inorganic substances generally do not contain the element Carbon. Examples of inorganic substances include water, potassium, salt and oxygen gas. Examples of inorganic substances include water, potassium, salt and oxygen gas. Exceptions: Carbon Dioxide(CO 2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) Exceptions: Carbon Dioxide(CO 2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO)

contain the element bonded together to make long chains of molecules. They also contain H (hydrogen) and (oxygen) Organic Compounds contain the element carbon (C) bonded together to make long chains of molecules. They also contain H (hydrogen) and (oxygen) Examples of organic substances include starch, sugar, protein, and fat. Examples of organic substances include starch, sugar, protein, and fat. There are more organic substances than inorganic Compounds. There are more organic substances than inorganic Compounds.

Nutrients Nutrients Nutrients are grouped into two categories: Nutrients are grouped into two categories: are elements required in Large amounts. (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Amino Acids) Macronutrients are elements required in Large amounts. (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Amino Acids) are elements that are required by living things in trace or Small amounts. (Fe, Cu, Se, Co, Cr) Micronutrients are elements that are required by living things in trace or Small amounts. (Fe, Cu, Se, Co, Cr)

Maintaining a Balance Macronutrients and micronutrients are essential for plant and animal growth and survival. They are the building blocks of body structure. Macronutrients and micronutrients are essential for plant and animal growth and survival. They are the building blocks of body structure. Maintaining the Right Level of Nutrients - By knowing how organisms use each element, scientists can diagnose deficiencies and excesses, and act accordingly (add or remove the nutrient), to alleviate the problem. If a micronutrient is present in larger amounts than normal it can have harmful effects. Too little can also have harmful effects. The optimum amount of a substance is the amount that provides an organism with the best health Maintaining the Right Level of Nutrients - By knowing how organisms use each element, scientists can diagnose deficiencies and excesses, and act accordingly (add or remove the nutrient), to alleviate the problem. If a micronutrient is present in larger amounts than normal it can have harmful effects. Too little can also have harmful effects. The optimum amount of a substance is the amount that provides an organism with the best health

Essential Life Chemicals NutrientImportance in PLANTSImportance in HUMANS Nitrogen (N) - proteins & chlorophyll - leaf and stem growth - composition of proteins & nucleic acids - growth and repair of tissue Phosphorus (P) - root and flower growth - cellular respiration & photosynthesis - composition of bones, teeth & DNA - metabolic reactions Potassium (K) - stimulates early growth - starch and protein production - disease resistance - chlorophyll production & tuber formation - muscle contraction & nerve impulses Magnesium (Mg) - chlorophyll structure - photosynthesis - composition of bones & teeth - absorption of calcium & potassium Calcium (Ca) - cell wall structure - cell division - composition of bones & teeth - blood clotting - muscle & nerve function Sulfur (S) - production of fruits and grains- protein synthesis - enzyme activation - detoxification

Four classes of organic compounds essential to healthy body makeup. Carbohydrates Fats (lipids) Proteins and Amino acids Nucleic acids

CARBOHYDRATES These are obtained from foods such as rice, potatoes, and fruit These are obtained from foods such as rice, potatoes, and fruit They form simple (sugar) and complex molecules (Starch, Cellulose) They form simple (sugar) and complex molecules (Starch, Cellulose) These are required for body metabolism. Carbohydrates provide Energy. These are required for body metabolism. Carbohydrates provide Energy.

LIPIDS These are found in foods such as walnuts and peanuts These are found in foods such as walnuts and peanuts They form saturated and unsaturated fats are needed for providing more energy. They form saturated and unsaturated fats are needed for providing more energy.

PROTEINS These are obtained from meats, fish, and eggs These are obtained from meats, fish, and eggs They are used for growth and repair. They are used for growth and repair. Proteins are made from amino acid units joined together. Proteins are made from amino acid units joined together.

NUCLEIC ACIDS These play an important role in heredity and cell division. These play an important role in heredity and cell division. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

Organic compoundsCarbonOxygenHydrogen Organic compounds contain Carbon, as well as mostly Oxygen and Hydrogen. Essential Life Chemicals Organic Compounds Description and role in nutrition Typical dietary sources Identification Test Carbohydrates - are organic molecules made up of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - energy source for metabolism sugar, starch, cellulose, glucose, glycogen, rice, grains, potatoes, fruits Benedict’s solution Benedict’s solution (turns from blue to yellow- orange-red in the presence of sugars) Iodine Iodine (turns from red- brown to blue-black in the presence of starch) Lipids - are compounds composed of many carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms - storage of unused chemical energy fats, oils and waxes, vegetable oils, nut oils, some dairy products translucent spot A translucent spot is made on brown paper by a lipid Proteins and Amino Acids - proteins are organic compounds made up of amino acids (each protein has its own unique number, combination and arrangement of amino acids) - functions include growth and repair, as well as a source of energy Enzymes, meat, eggs, dairy products, legumes, nuts Biuret solution ( turns from blue to purple, or mauve in the presence of protein) Nucleic Acids - large complicated molecules that play a major role in heredity and in controlling the cell's activities DNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA RNA (ribonucleic acid)