Inorganic Chemistry study of compounds that do not contain Carbon Except: CO2 and CO 1

Organic Chemistry Study of compounds that do contain Carbon Foundation: from mid 1800's evolved from alchemist living sources were different from minerals Torbern Bergman (1770) first to express difference b/w organic and inorganic 2

What is it? The study of carbon compounds (C) atomic number = 6 mass number = 12 There > 100 elements Living organisms are composed of almost entirely six elements. P, C, H, O, N, S 3

Why is it Special? Living organisms = organic compounds over 2 million compound combinations exist C has ability to form strong and stable covalent bonds 4

4 Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids 5

Terms Building Blocks (Subunits) Monomers: make large compounds Polymers: made when monomers join together Polymerization: process of joining monomers to make polymers 6

Carbohydrates: Sugars Function: Provide energy Provides structure for plants 7

Atoms: C, H, O Ratio of 2(H) to 1(O) Examples: C 6 H 12 O 6 & C 12 H 22 O 11 8

Monosaccharides (AKA simple sugars) are the building blocks of Carbohydrates Contain 3 to 7 C atoms 3 = triose 4 = tetrose 5 = pentose 6 = hexose 7 = heptose 9

Examples of Simple Sugars Hexose: glucose = blood sugar fructose = fruit sugar galactose = milk sugar Pentose: Deoxyribose: DNA sugar Ribose: RNA sugar 10

How to Id carbs “Ose”ending Contains C, H, O Ratio of 2H to 1O in the molecular formula Structures: Chain Ring 11

Nucleic Acids Functions: Store genetic information Control cellular activities Direct protein synthesis 12

Atoms: P, C, H, O, N 13

Building Blocks: Nucleotides 3 parts of nucleotide 5 carbon sugar (ribose/deoxyribose) Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, uracil) Phosphate group 14

When nucleotides join they either form a single strand or a double helix. RNA: ribonucleic acid Reads the genetic messages Single strand RNA contains the nitrogenous (organic0 bases: Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil 15

When nucleotides join they either form a single strand or a double helix DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid Genetic message Double helix strands DNA contains the nitrogenous bases: Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine 16

Proteins Functions Enzymes: – all enzymes are proteins – Many have ase ending Structural: – Hair = keratin – Connective tissue = collagen, elastin – Muscle proteins = actin, myosin 17

Functions Cont. Hormones: – Insulin – Growth hormone – And other Transport – Hemoglobin = oxygen in blood – Myoglobin = oxygen in muscles – Serum albumin = fatty acids in blood Defense – Immunoglobulins (antinbodies) Fibrinogen (blood clotting) 18

Atoms: C, H, O, N and S (sometimes) 19

Building blocks: Amino acids: there are 20 common amino acids in proteins 20

Structure Basic Structure Amino Acids NH 2 = amino groups COOH = carboxyl group 21

Dehydration Synthesis Amino acids link to form proteins 22

Peptide bonds Bonds that form between amino acids Dipeptide bond: formed between 2 amino acids Polypeptide bond: formed between more than 2 amino acids 23

How to id proteins NH 2 group COOH “in” ending “ase” ending 24

Lipids Fats Oils Waxes 25

Function Provide energy Provide structure for cell membrane Chemical messenger 26

Atoms C, H,O No fixed ratio Less O than carbs 27

Monomers Fatty Acids: long chains of H & C atoms with a COOH (carboxyl) at end Glycerol: organic alcohol; contains 3 C’s each attached to a OH (hydroxyl) 28

How to id lipids Waxy/oily Contains C,H,O Contains 2/3 fatty acids molecule Contains a glycerol molecule 29

Dehydration synthesis Joining of fatty acids and glycerol to make lipids Hydrolysis Lipids break down 30

Saturated fats No binding sites are open Meats and dairy 31

Unsaturated Fats Bonding sites are open Shortening and margarine Solid at room temp 32

Polysaturated Lots of open bonding sites Oils Liquid at room temp 33