Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Essentials of Human Communication, 6/e This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Chapter Eleven (Steps 7–10) Public Speaking Preparation and Delivery

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter Eleven Goals Step 7—Word your speech Step 7—Word your speech Step 8—Construct conclusion and introduction Step 8—Construct conclusion and introduction Step 9—Rehearse your speech Step 9—Rehearse your speech Step 10—Deliver your speech Step 10—Deliver your speech Learn to critically evaluate speeches Learn to critically evaluate speeches

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Step 7—Wording your speech  Prepare it in an oral style—short, simple, familiar words  Has more qualifying expressions like “although,” “however,” “perhaps”  Has more self-references  Has more “allness” statements (all, none)

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Choosing the Right Words Clarity Clarity Be economical and specific with both numbers and words Be economical and specific with both numbers and words Use guide phrases Use guide phrases Carefully assess idioms Carefully assess idioms Vary levels of abstraction Vary levels of abstraction Vividness Vividness Use active verbs Use active verbs Use figures of speech that are visual, auditory, and tactile Use figures of speech that are visual, auditory, and tactile

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Choosing the Right Words Appropriateness Appropriateness Language must be familiar and fitting to the audience Language must be familiar and fitting to the audience Avoid written-style expressions Avoid written-style expressions Avoid slang, vulgar, and offensive expressions Avoid slang, vulgar, and offensive expressions Personal Style Personal Style Use personal pronouns Use personal pronouns Direct questions to the audience Direct questions to the audience Create a sense of immediacy with audience Create a sense of immediacy with audience Power Power Sentence Construction Sentence Construction Short, direct, positive sentences Short, direct, positive sentences Use active verbs Use active verbs Vary the lengths of sentences to help rhythm Vary the lengths of sentences to help rhythm

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Step 8—Functions …of the Conclusion Summarize Restate your thesis, its importance, and major points Close Use quotation Use quotation Pose a challenge or question Pose a challenge or question Thank the audience Thank the audience

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008Functions …of the Introduction Gain attention Ask a question Ask a question Refer to specific audience members Refer to specific audience members Refer to recent happenings Refer to recent happenings Use illustration, or a dramatic or humorous story Use illustration, or a dramatic or humorous story Use visual aids Use visual aids Orient the audience Preview main idea and propositions Preview main idea and propositions Identify the goal you hope to achieve Identify the goal you hope to achieve

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Guidelines for Avoiding Common Mistakes of Intro and Conclusion Don’t start speech immediately Don’t start speech immediately Don’t apologize for nerves or preface your introduction Don’t apologize for nerves or preface your introduction Don’t display discomfort or displeasure Don’t display discomfort or displeasure Don’t introduce new material in your conclusion Don’t introduce new material in your conclusion Don’t race away from the podium after the speech Don’t race away from the podium after the speech

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Transitions and Internal Summaries “connecting… intro to body, points to points, points to points, body to conclusion” body to conclusion” To announce a proposition To signal you are closing To introduce an exception To reconnect audience to ideas To signal location point in speech

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 The Preparation Outline  Is a full sentence outline  Clearly states purpose and thesis  Presents body of speech  Builds both introduction and conclusion  Notes possible presentation aids  Lists references

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 The Template Outline Refines the preparation outline Refines the preparation outline Could be used as a speaking outline in some cases Could be used as a speaking outline in some cases See DeVito’s text for an outline template to follow See DeVito’s text for an outline template to follow

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 The Delivery Outline Assists in delivery of speech Assists in delivery of speech Guidelines Guidelines Be brief Be delivery-minded Rehearse with the delivery outline

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Step 9—Methods of Delivery Impromptu speaking Impromptu speaking Manuscript style Manuscript style Extemporaneous style Extemporaneous style most useful most useful recommended for most people in most situations recommended for most people in most situations

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Rehearsing Your Speech Rehearse the speech from beginning to end Rehearse the speech from beginning to end Time the speech Time the speech Rehearse under conditions in which you will make speech Rehearse under conditions in which you will make speech Rehearse in front of full-length mirror Rehearse in front of full-length mirror Don’t interrupt rehearsal to make notes; do it after you finish Don’t interrupt rehearsal to make notes; do it after you finish Rehearse at least three or four times Rehearse at least three or four times

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Step 10— Step 10—Deliver Your Speech Three dimensions of voice Volume Rate Articulation and Pronunciation Pauses Avoid filler pauses (“um, you know, like, er”) The use of silence—interject into the stream of your speech in places like transitions, assertions, questions, before an idea, before you begin speaking

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Body Movement Eye contact Eye contact Facial expressions Facial expressions Posture Posture Gestures Gestures Larger body movement Larger body movement The use of notes The use of notes

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Presentation Tips Maintain good eye contact Use reasonable facial expressions Let gestures be spontaneous and natural Use movement to emphasize transitions and make important assertions Know and use notes in subtle ways

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Critically Evaluating Speeches Is the subject appropriate? Is it appropriate for the audience? Has it been researched well? Are the thesis and propositions appropriate? Is there good supporting material? Is the speech well organized? Is the speech worded well? Are conclusion, introduction, and transitions effective? Is the delivery effective?

Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008 Expressing Your Evaluation Say something positive Say something positive Be specific with comments Be specific with comments Be objective, avoid Be objective, avoid your biases Limit criticism Limit criticism Be constructive Be constructive Focus on behavior Focus on behavior Own your criticism Own your criticism Be culturally sensitive Be culturally sensitive