History of Health Care

Ancient Times Humans had to protect themselves against predators

Ancient Times Superstitious Illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits Exorcise evil spirits Trepanation used as treatment

Ancient Times Herbs and plants used as medicine Digitalis from foxglove plant Then: chewed leaves to strengthen and slow heart Today: pill, IV, injections

Ancient Times Quinine from bark of cinchona tree Controls fever, muscle spasms of malaria

Ancient Times Belladonna and atropine from poisonous nightshade plant Relieves muscle spasms especially GI pain

Ancient Times Morphine from opium poppy Relieves severe pain

Egyptians

Egyptians Earliest to keep accurate health records Superstitious Identified certain diseases Imhotep (2725 BC) may have been first physician

Temples were places of worship, medical schools, and hospitals

Egyptians Prescriptions were written on papyrus

Egyptians Embalming Strong antiseptics used to prevent decay Gauze similar to today’s surgical gauze

Egyptians Some medical practices still used today Enemas Circumcision (4000 B.C.): preceded marriage Closing wounds Setting fractures

Eye of Horus Magic eye Amulet to guard against disease, suffering, and evil

Eye of Horus Evolved into modern Rx sign

Ancient Chinese

Ancient Chinese Need to treat whole body by curing spirit & nourishing body Recorded medications based on herbs Acupuncture Began search for medical reasons for illness

Greek Medicine

Greek Medicine First to study causes of diseases Diseases caused by lack of sanitation

Hippocrates

Greek Medicine Hippocrates No dissection, only observations Careful notes of signs/symptoms of disease Disease not caused by supernatural forces Wrote standard of ethics, which is the basis for today’s medical ethics

Roman Medicine

Aesculapius Staff and serpent symbol of medicine Temples built in his honor became the first true clinics and hospitals

Roman Medicine Learned from the Greeks and developed a sanitation system Aqueducts and sewers Public baths

Roman Medicine Beginning of public health First to organize medical care Army medicine Room in doctor’s house became first hospital Public hygiene Flood control, solid construction of homes

Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.)

Dark Ages Medicine practiced only in convents and monasteries Custodial care Life and death in God’s hands No contributions made to medicine during this time

Middle Ages Terrible epidemics Bubonic plague (Black Death) Smallpox Diphtheria Syphilis Measles Typhoid fever Tuberculosis

Middle Ages Realization of fact that disease is contagious Quarantine laws Arab physicians advance pharmacology Base diagnoses on signs & symptoms of disease

Renaissance Medicine 1350-1650 A.D.

Renaissance Medicine Universities and medical schools for research Dissection Printing press allows spread of knowledge

Renaissance Medicine Michael Servetus Roger Bacon Describes circulatory system in lungs Digestion source of heat Roger Bacon Chemical remedies to treat disease Researches optics

Reanissance Medicine Leonardo da Vinci Anatomy of the body

16th and 17th Century

16th and 17th Century Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1676) Playing with lenses (invented microscope) Observed microorganism

16th and 17th Century William Harvey Circulation of blood

16th and 17th Century Gabriele Fallopius Discovered fallopian tube

16th and 17th Century Bartolomo Eustachio Discovered eustachian tube from ear to throat

16th and 17th Century Ambroise Pare Father of modern surgery

18th Century

18th Century Gabriel Fahrenheit John Hunter Created first mercury thermometer John Hunter Established surgical procedures

18th Century Joseph Priestly Discovered oxygen

18th Century Benjamin Franklin Invented bifocals Found that colds could be passed from person to person

18th Century Edward Jenner 1796, smallpox vaccination

19th Century

19th Century French barbers acted as surgeons James Blundell First successful blood transfusions

19th Century Laennec Invented the stethoscope

19th Century Ignaz Semmelweiss Identified the cause of childbed fever (puerperal fever) which led to the importance of handwashing

19th Century Elizabeth Blackwell First female physician in US

19th Century Florence Nightingale Founder of modern nursing

19th Century Joseph Lister Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery

19th Century Paul Ehrlich Discovered effect of medicine on disease causing microorganism Treatment for syphilis

19th Century Clara Barton Founded American Red Cross

19th Century Louis Pasteur (1860-1895) Proved microorganisms cause disease Created vaccine for rabies

19th Century Robert Koch Father of Microbiology Specific germ causes specific disease Identified germ causing TB

19th Century Dimitri Ivanoski Discovered viruses

19th Century Wilhelm Roentgen Discovered X-rays

20th Century Carl Landsteiner Classified the ABO blood groups

20th Century Alexander Fleming

20th Century Gerhard Domagk Discovered sulfonamide drugs

20th Century Jonas Salk Developed polio vaccine using dead polio virus

20th Century Francis Crick and James Watson Describe structure of DNA and how carries genetic info

20th Century Dr. Michael DeBakey Invented first heart-lung machine for open-heart surgery

20th Century Alfred Sabin Developed oral live-virus polio vaccine

1960-1970 1960: FDA approved birth control pills 1963: First liver transplant 1964: First lung transplant 1965: Medicare/Medicaid established 1968: First heart transplant 1967: First hospice created

1970-1980 1973: HMO’s established 1975: use of amniocentesis to diagnose inherited disease before birth 1975 CAT scan developed 1975: ruled that parents have right to remove life support from daughter 1978: First “test tube” baby 1979: Smallpox eradicated 1980: Birth of genetic engineering

1980 to 1990 1981: AIDS identifies as a disease 1982: Implantation of first artificial heart 1984: HIV causes AIDS 1989: Act of congress establish quality of health care

1990 to present 1990: First use of gene therapy to treat disease 1997: A sheep was cloned 2000: Scientists with the International Human Genome Project released a rough draft of the human genome 2006 - First HPV vaccine approved 2008 - Laurent Lantieri performs the first full face transplant Present: Stem cell research

The End for Now

Grading Criteria for History Timeline 50 Quality of workmanship 20 Arrangement is eye appealing 10 Use of color-creativity 20 Presentation Bonus: 5 pts max for interesting info

Questions When did most of the significant changes in health care occur? Why were the greatest advances made in this time period? What are some possibilities for the future of health care? Did you encounter any problems within your group? If so, how were they resolved? Evaluate your team as a whole and discuss any members who did very well or very poorly.