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Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase Who owned Louisiana in the 1790s? –Spain How did France gain possession of Louisiana? –Treaty with Spain Why did Napoleon want to sell Louisiana? –France needed money as war in Europe resumed Who negotiated the treaty with France? – James Monroe and Robert Livingston What did Jefferson initially want to buy? –the port of New Orleans How much did the United States pay for Louisiana? –$15 million What concerns, if any, did Jefferson have about the purchase? –He was concerned about the constitutionality of the purchase What was the long-term significance of the purchase? –secured the JMississippi River, avoided conflicts with France, furthered possible alliance with Great Britain, strengthened the federal government, established a precedent for land purchases)

Madison and the War of 1812 Why did the U.S. go to war with Great Britain again in 1812? Impressments –Britain took American sailors off of American ships and made them serve in the British navy. Freedom of the seas –U.S. was being forced by Britain and France to choose sides if the U.S. wanted to trade freely with either country The Embargo of 1807 –Jefferson cut off all trade in order to avoid being drawn into the European conflict. This devastated U.S. economy The Barbary pirates –These were privateers in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of North Africa who were also trying to stop American shipping. The Napoleonic Wars –Ongoing European struggle between Britain and France, both countries wanted the United States to be on their side.

War of 1812: Attack on Washington August 24, 1814 Burned Washington, D.C. government buildings –White House and Capitol –Dolly Madison saved portrait of Washington Moved on to Baltimore from Washington

White House After Attack

Capitol Building

Attack on Baltimore Americans defended Ft. McHenry Star-Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott Key about the battle

End of the War Ended with Treaty of Ghent –December 24, 1814

Era of Good Feelings Nationalism –Pride and Patriotism Surge post-war Federalist Party Dissolves –Most Federalists opposed War of 1812 and were seen as disloyal Era of Good Feelings –Only one party and therefore no group attacking President

The Monroe Doctrine − The American continents should not be considered for future colonization by any European powers. − Nations in the Western Hemisphere were inherently different from those of Europe — republics by nature rather than monarchies. − The United States would regard as a threat to her own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere. − The United States would not interfere in European affairs.

President Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams

Westward Movement Americans moved West from the East Coast for economic opportunities The growth of railroads and canals helped the growth of an industrial economy and supported the westward movement of settlers.

Americans vs. Mexicans Americans in Texas led an armed revolt against Mexican rule Battle of the Alamo (Texans lost to Mexican army) The Texans’ eventual victory over Mexican forces subsequently brought Texas into the Union. The Mexican- American War ( ): –Americans won; gained territory that included the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico.

Trail of Tears As Americans moved West, Indians were moved to reservations Trail of Tears ( ) –the relocation Native Americans (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw nations) from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma)

Trail of Tears

Gibbons v. Ogden Supreme Court of the U.S. held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution Further strengthens the power of the national government

Adams-Onis Treaty U.S. receives Florida from Spain Settled boundaries between U.S. and Spain in West

Gadsden Purchase Territory in present- day Arizona and New Mexico purchased from Mexico by President Pierce.

Whiskey Rebellion Tax protest in Pennsylvania during Washington’s Presidency Angry about excise tax on whiskey

Panic of 1819 Economic depression that resulted after the Embargo Act, War of 1812, and failure to re-charter the National Bank First major financial crisis of U.S.