Introduction  Ethanol as a gasoline bland has helped to reduce on oil import and harmful vehicular emission, and improve rural economy.  Ethanol as a fuel blend has distinct advantages because of its compatile blending with motor gasoline.  Today fuel ethanol accounts for roughly two-third of the world ethyl alcohol production. India is the fourth largest country to produce ethanol.  Ethanol must be explored more seriously as a long term alternative fuel option.

The Brazil Example  Brazil’s National Alcohol programmed was introduce in Created a market where Brazilian gasoline powered vehicle operated on at least 22% by volume ethanol. 2. Created market with 4.3million vehicles using ethanol. 3. Increasing the manufacturing of ethanol-powered vehicles to 96% of domestic vehicle production. 4. Reduced Brazil's reliance on imported oil from 43.3% in 1985 to 21.7% in 1992

The USA Example  Over 90% of the ethanol produse in USA are made from a corn-a starch based feedstock that is easily fermented to ethanol.  In the USA, of 6.4billion liters of ethanol produce in 1998,around 3.9billion liters were consumed in the domestic fuel mix.

INDIA Needs An Ethanol Progame  INDIA is a agriculture country.35 % of farmer adopt sugarcane in farm that very large source.  In the past our government has taken number of initiatives to study the feasibility of using ethanol  The study concluded satisfactory performance of vehicles with 10% to 20% ethanol blend in gasoline.  India produces nearly 1.3billion liters of ethanol utilizing less than half of its total installed capacity, There are 295 alcohol distilleries in the country with an installed production capacity of 3918 liters.

 The results of the tests at the IIT Delhi concluded: Delhi Administration vehicles logged lakh km successfully. 1. Around 20,000 litres of gasoline saved 2. Operation of vehicles was cooler and smoother. 3. Co and HC emission reduced. 4. overall fuel economy found to be comparable with neat gasoline operation. 5. No adverse effect on engine oil

Some of the obstructions in INDIA  Absence of a government policy  Differential state government policies on ethanol and molasses  Varied views on emission benefits  Lack of infrastructure and experience on handling gasoline-ethanol blends  Lack of awareness at all levels  Promotional measures on the part of oil and auto industries missing, thus delaying the entry of ethanol into the transport sector

1. The addition of ethanol results in changes to the properties of the fuel. 2. This includes exhaust and evaporating emission. fuel economy, drivability, full load performance (power) and durability's. 3. Fig.(1) shows the linear increase in oxygen as the %of ethanol is increasing. 4. The increased oxygen in the fuel changes the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. Fuel Property Changes with Ethanol Addition

Figure 2 - Stoichiometri c air/fuel ratio of ethanol blended fuel Figure 1 - Oxygen content for ethanol blended fuels

 Fig.2 shows how the mass air/fuel ratio corresponding to stoichiometric mixture strength changes with the addition of ethanol to gasoline.  From this figure, it is clearly seen that gasoline has a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio of approximately 14.6:1,while a 20% blend of ethanol and gasoline has a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio of approximately 13.5:1.  The changes in fuel density will change the mass of fuel delivered.  As ethanol has higher density than the gasoline, as the ethanol content is increased, the fuel mass is increased.

Fuel Economy  Fuel economy reduced when oxygenates are blend with gasoline due to the lower content of the oxygen.  Fuel economy reduction in was directly proportional to the reduction in energy content of the blended fuel when ethanol as added.  This was limited to blends of up to 10%ethanol,which shows a reduction in in fuel economy of approximately 3%when compared to gasoline only.  For higher 20%ethanol,it is expected that this linear trend will continue.

 Pure ethanol up to 92 rs per liter, but if it’s become mass production, then that is reduce up to 26 rs per liter.  Less the foreign currency exchange.  More economical growth.

Ethanol Blended Fuel Volatility  Evaporative emissions are influenced by the volatility of the fuel. An increase in RVP (Reid Vapour Pressure - a measure of the fuel volatility) due to the presence of oxygenates such as ethanol, will give a corresponding increase in evaporative emissions.  When ethanol is added to gasoline, the RVP of the blend is increased by about 7kPa for 5 to 10% by volume ethanol content.  The RVP gradually declines when the ethanol content exceeds 10%, and at between 30 to 45% becomes equivalent to the base gasoline volatility.

 The net affect of the potential for a higher RVP and lower distillation temperature is for the vehicle evaporative system to have to store more vapour and/or allow it leak into the atmosphere.  Based on the RVP values for a 20% ethanol blend compared to a 10% ethanol blend, it is expected that the vapour generation during a diurnal test would be less for the 20% ethanol blend compared to the 10% blend.  However, the hot soak evaporative emissions are expected to be higher for the higher ethanol content blends due to the increased vapour generation at the higher temperatures.

Octane Number  A further trend that can be observed from the reviewed literature is the lower the octane number of the base gasoline, the higher the increase in octane number when ethanol is added.

Engine Performance  There are two factors to consider with the addition of ethanol to gasoline when considering the performance of the engine at WOT.  Increase in the RON and MON, potentially providing the engine with an increased knock limit.  Increase in the oxygen content of the blend, changing stoichiometry by introducing Enleanment.

 Specific fuel consumption is decrease with increase compression ratio.  BTE is increases with compression ratio.  Less amount of fuel required to increases same amount of Break power compare to gasoline.

Cold starting  Cold startability is highly dependant on the fuels ability to vaporise effectively at low temperatures and provide an ignitable mixture at the time of ignition  Effectively, the mixture suffers from enleanment due to the higher concentration of alcohol. All these factors indicate cold starting difficulties on vehicles operating with alcohol blends

Hot Weather Drivability  When gasoline vaporizes prematurely in the fuel system.  upstream of the carburetor jets or fuel injectors, drivability problems may occur.  Fuel system design in terms of its proximity to hot engine components and the positioning of the fuel pump are important considerations to help control hot weather drivability problems.

Wear on Engines  There have been studies completed on the metal to metal wear differences due to the impact of using alcohol and alcohol gasoline blends.  It should be noted that though it is not clear, this might be based on straight alcohol fuels.  The data shows less measured wear for the 20% ethanol blend.  No data was given for the crankshaft bearings, however the inlet and exhaust valves show increased recession for the 20% ethanol blend

corrosion  Wet corrosion is caused by azeotropic water, which oxidizes most metals.  Freshly formulated blends containing pH neutral dry ethanol would be expected to have relatively little corrosive effect.  if a blend has been standing in a tank for sufficient time to allow the ethanol to absorb moisture from the atmosphere, it may tend to be more corrosive as it passes through the fuel injection system.

Phase Separation  Ethanol has an affinity for water and should the water content of an ethanol gasoline blend increase, phase separation or de-mixing is likely to occur.  This process is temperature dependent occurring more readily at lower temperatures with lower ethanol content and therefore more readily at higher temperatures with higher ethanol content.  The temperatures mentioned are in the ambient temperature range.

 Prevention of this separation can be accomplished in two ways  By adding an emulsifier which acts to suspend small droplets of ethanol within the diesel fuel, or by adding a co-solvent that acts as a bridging agent through molecular  compatibility and bonding to produce a homogenous blend. Emulsification usually requires heating and blending steps to generate the final blend, whereas co- solvents allow fuels to be “splash-blended”, thus simplifying the blending process.