Introduction to BIOLOGY Unit 1 G. Caviness

What is biology? “Bios” (Greek) = Life “Bios” (Greek) = Life “Logos” (Greek) = Study of… “Logos” (Greek) = Study of… Biology is the study of life!

Branches of Biology: See handout. See handout. You need to be familiar with all of these, but you will only be tested on the following… You need to be familiar with all of these, but you will only be tested on the following…

Anatomy Study of the structure of organs and organ systems. Study of the structure of organs and organ systems.

Physiology Study of how organs and organ systems function. Study of how organs and organ systems function. heart video clipBeating heart video clip

Cytology The study of cells The study of cells

Ecology The study of interactions between living things and their environments The study of interactions between living things and their environments

Evolutionary Biology Study of the modern theory of evolution (how modern species have descended from extinct ancestors). Study of the modern theory of evolution (how modern species have descended from extinct ancestors).

Taxonomy The naming and classification of living organisms. The naming and classification of living organisms. Carolus Linnaeus

Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Kingdom: Animalia –Phylum: Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Subphylum Vertebrata –Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Family: Felidae Genus: Felis Genus: Felis Species: Felis domesticus Species: Felis domesticus

Genetics The study of heredity (how physical traits are passed down from parents to offspring). The study of heredity (how physical traits are passed down from parents to offspring).

Molecular Biology The study of biological molecules (especially DNA and proteins). The study of biological molecules (especially DNA and proteins).

Biotechnology The manipulation of living organisms to solve problems. (Often specifically refers to manipulation of DNA). The manipulation of living organisms to solve problems. (Often specifically refers to manipulation of DNA). –DNA fingerprinting Paternity testing Paternity testing Criminal investigations Criminal investigations –Genetic engineering Improving crops Improving crops Treating diseases Treating diseases

Biotechnology

Paleontology The study of fossils. The study of fossils.

Scientific Method 1. Observation  determine problem. 2. Research and gather information. 3. Form hypothesis. 4. Test hypothesis with experiment. Record data Record data 5. Analyze data  form conclusions. 6. Publish results.

Scientific Method Example #1 LOST KEYS! LOST KEYS! Copy down each of the following steps. Then label each description with the correct step of the scientific method. Copy down each of the following steps. Then label each description with the correct step of the scientific method.

Example #1… My keys aren’t in my pocket. Where are my keys? My keys aren’t in my pocket. Where are my keys? OBSERVATION OBSERVATION PROBLEM PROBLEM

Example #1… I had them when I left the room to go make copies. I had them when I left the room to go make copies. I don’t have them now that I am back from the copy room. I don’t have them now that I am back from the copy room. RESEARCH RESEARCH

Example #1… My keys are probably in the copy room. My keys are probably in the copy room. HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS

Example #1… I’ll walk down to the copy room and look for the keys. I’ll walk down to the copy room and look for the keys. EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT

Example #1… The keys are on the copy machine! My hypothesis has been confirmed. The keys are on the copy machine! My hypothesis has been confirmed. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

Example #1… I am so excited about finding my keys, I am going to write an article about this whole experience in The Viking Voice! I am so excited about finding my keys, I am going to write an article about this whole experience in The Viking Voice! PUBLISH RESULTS PUBLISH RESULTS

Scientific Method Example #2 UltraGrow fertilizer…is it effective??? UltraGrow fertilizer…is it effective??? Follow the same format as with example 1. Follow the same format as with example 1.

Example #2… 2 pepper plants. 2 pepper plants. Plant A gets UltraGrow, Plant B does not. Plant A gets UltraGrow, Plant B does not. The growth of both plants in measured and compared. The growth of both plants in measured and compared. 4. EXPERIMENT

Example #2… Student displays data, graphs, and conclusions at the science fair. Student displays data, graphs, and conclusions at the science fair. 6. PUBLISH RESULTS

Example #2… Student looks at data: Student looks at data: –Plant A  4 inches –Plant B  1 inch Student decides UltraGrow is effective! Student decides UltraGrow is effective! 5. CONCLUSION

Example #2… According to biology textbooks and research articles, plants need nitrogen, phosphorous, & potassium to grow. According to biology textbooks and research articles, plants need nitrogen, phosphorous, & potassium to grow. 2. RESEARCH

Example #2… UltraGrow contains 10% Nitrogen, 10% Phosphorous, & 10% potassium. UltraGrow contains 10% Nitrogen, 10% Phosphorous, & 10% potassium. Is UltraGrow an effective fertilizer? Is UltraGrow an effective fertilizer? 1. OBSERVATION PROBLEM

Example #2… Since UltraGrow contains Nitrogen, phosphorous, & potassium, plants given U.G. will grow faster than plants not given U.G. Since UltraGrow contains Nitrogen, phosphorous, & potassium, plants given U.G. will grow faster than plants not given U.G. 3. HYPOTHESIS

Example #2… Plant APlant B

Scientific Method Example #3 – Redi’s Experiment

Scientific Method Example – Maple Leaves Maple Tree A Maple Tree B