The Monitor

Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan

Lincoln’s Generals Irwin McDowell Winfield Scott George McClellan, Again! McClellan George McClellan Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker George Meade Ulysses S. Grant

The Confederate Generals Jeb Stuart James Longstreet George Pickett “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest Robert E. Lee

East Union Army of the Potomac Gen. Irwin McDowell Gen. George B. McClellan Confederate Army of Northern Virginia P. G.T. Beauregard Joseph E. Johnston Robert E. Lee West Union The Tennessee The Cumberland Ulysses S. Grant Confederate The Tennessee

Gen. McDowell led 35,000 men – ordered by Lincoln to attack Wanted Richmond, but first had to go through Manassass Junction Beauregard had 22,000 Confederates – had been alerted Received reinforcements from Joseph E. Johnston via rail Thomas J. Jackson – “Stonewall Jackson” McDowell turns and runs to D.C.

Battle of Bull Run (1 st Manassas) July, 1861

Lincoln gives McClellan command of the Army of the Potomac Excellent drillmaster & troop organizer Perfectionist Shied away from risks Overestimated the South Slow to move

McClellan decides to land on one of Virginia’s peninsulas & march to Richmond 1 st Captures Yorktown, wooden cannons Inches toward Richmond w/ 100,000 Lincoln sends reinforcements after Stonewall Jackson “Jeb” Stuart’s Confederate cavalry attacks from behind Lee launches counterattack McClellan runs home Lee suffers heavy losses Johnston hurt

After loss, Lincoln begins drafting the Emancipation Proclamation Union strategy turns to total war Blockade Free Southern slaves Seize the Mississippi R. Cut Confederacy by marching through Georgia & Carolinas Capture Richmond Grind them into submission

Blockade had many leaks at first Britain recognized the blockade as binding Blockade running was risky but profitable Union seized British ships claiming “ultimate destination” British relented

The Virginia – Confederacy refitted an old U.S. warship named the Merrimack with an iron hull Destroyed two Union ships & threatens blockade The Union built the Monitor to fight the Virginia They fight to a standstill Confederacy later destroys the Virginia

Lincoln places Gen. John Pope in charge Lee wins at 2 nd Battle of Bull Run by dividing his army Defeats Popes men McClellan was too slow to combine forces with Pope Lincoln puts McClellan back in command to get Pope’s army back in shape

To gain support from England Live off northern resources Liberate the border states But, southern army was bedraggled

McClellan’s men found a copy of Lee’s plans (wrapped in cigar paper) Battle occurs at Antietam Creek, MD (9/17/1962) Bloodiest day of Civil War (24,000 dead) Lee held on, but soon retreated McClellan did not pursue

Confederacy would never be as close to receiving European aid Victory enabled Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1, 1863) New objective of the war Moral purpose

Freed the slaves in the unconquered Southern territories Not in the border states Was controversial Many soldiers deserted Did succeed in undermining labor of the South Southerners accused Lincoln of inciting a slave insurrection

Blacks eventually allowed to enlist Accounted for 10% At first Southerners refused to recognize them as prisoners of war Executed them Fort Pillow, Tenn. Initially used for manual labor Eventually saw combat 54 th regiment - Massachusetts

Ambrose E. Burnside took over after Antietam Looses badly at Fredericksburg, VA (Dec. 1862) “Fighting Joe” Hooker badly beaten at Chancellorsville, VA Lee divided army into two to attack Union flank “Stonewall” Jackson mistakenly killed by own men

Lee decides to invade the North again Tries to claim depot of shoes Forced to engage the Union army

Met by Gen. George G. Meade Advantage of high position Lee unable to turn flank, so charges up middle of union center “Pickett’s Charge” Lee retreats

that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Abe Lincoln

Born Hiram Ulysses Grant At bottom of class at West Point Was in Mexican War Shy & Unassuming Started out as colonel of volunteers Fly by seat of pants general Unassuming Alcoholic “Unconditional surrender”

Grant won some early battles at Fort Henry & Fort Donelson in Tenn. (Feb. 1862) Secured Kentucky Opened up gateway to heart of Dixie Then attempted to gain control of main Confed. railway junction Union have strong defenses at Shiloh (April 1862) Grant loses

A flotilla commanded by David G. Farragut along w/ Northern army seizes New Orleans North now controlled most of the Mississippi R.

South needed cattle & supplies from Texas & Louisiana Fortress at Vicksburg, Mississippi one of South’s last defenses Grant besieged Vicksburg & captures it on July 4, 1863 Secures the Mississippi Captures major trade route

Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman given command to march through Georgia Burns Atlanta Marches to the Sea Total War

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War (1861) – headed by radical Republicans Northern Democrats split “War Democrats” – supported Lincoln “Peace Democrats” Copperheads – totally against the war Clement L. Valandigham – imprisoned, then banished

Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D)

Grant was willing to lose men Had a numerical advantage over Lee Wilderness encounters, Grant fought Lee Lost 50,000 men Cold Harbor – 7,000 men die in minutes Public outraged & shocked Richmond captured & burned

After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated.

Confederate Dead

Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

April 14, 1865, Lincoln shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth at Fords Theater Dramatic death brought to light his greatness & overshadowed his shortcomings South cheered his death at first Would have treated South better than they were during Reconstruction

Civil War cost: 600,000 men $15 billion Tested America’s existence Furthered its growing power & reputation Slavery ended! Paved the way for the United States’ fulfillment of its destiny…