Grammar 直接引语和间接引语 Direct Indirect Speech and

Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech (1) 1. 转述他人的陈述 → 陈述句 → She asked me what I was doing. 1) He said, “I’m going to Beijing.” → He said that he was going to Beijing. 2) He asked, “Are you a teacher?” → He asked me if /whether I was a doctor. 3) She said, “What are you doing?” 2. 转述他人的疑问 → 一般疑问句 3. 转述他人的问题 → 特殊疑问句

直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化 He said, “I have been to the Great Wall. ” He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall. He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday. ” He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday. 陈述句 用连词 that 引导， that 在口语中常省略。主句的谓 语动词可直接用引语中的 said, 也可用 told 来代替， 注意，可以说 said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that ， 不可直接说 told that

陈述句 : “I don’t like computers,” Sarah said to her friends. Sarah said to her friends that I don’t like computers. said didn’tshe Sarah said to her friends that she didn’t like computers. Sarah

一般疑问句 He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?” He asked (me) whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation. He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?” He asked whether I was interested in English. 间接引语用连词 whether 或 if 引导，原主句中谓 语动词 said 要改为 asked(me/him/us 等 ) ，语序是 陈述句的语序

一般疑问句 : Is it easy to improve the condition of the soil? ( They asked him ) They asked him if It is easy to improve the condition of the soil. it is easy to improve the condition of the soil. askediswas They asked him if it was easy to improve the condition of the soil.

特殊疑问句 He said to me ， “What's your name?” He asked me what my name was. He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?” He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country. 原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓 语动词用 ask(sb. ) 来表达，语序改为陈述句语序

特殊疑问句： When do you harvest the wheat ? ( They asked him ) They asked him When you harvest the wheat you harvest the wheat. he harvested They asked him when he harvested the wheat.

选择疑问句 He asked, “Do you speak English or French?” He asked me whether I spoke English or French. I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?” I asked him whether he would take bus or take train. 用 whether…or… 表达，而不用 if…or… ，也 不用 either…or…

5. 注意地点的变化 在直接引语变为间接引语时需要注意的变化 1. 注意时态的变化 2. 注意人称变化。 3. 注意指示代词的变化 4. 注意时间的变化 6. 注意个别趋向动词的变化

The geography teacher told us that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 谓语动词时态变化需要注意几点： 1. 直接引语表述的是客观真理，变为间接引语时， 时态不变 The geography teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”

She says that she’ll never forget the days in the country. 2. 如果直接引语所表述的内容在目前和说话时 同样有效，变间接引语时，时态可不变 The children said, “We love this game.” They told us that they love that game. 3. 主句谓语动词的时态是现在时态，在引述时， 时态不变。 She says, “I’ll never forget the days in the country.”

1. 当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候 2. 当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时 3. 当直接引语中有以 when, while 引导的从句， 表示过去的时间时 4. 当引语是谚语、格言时 5. 当直接引语中有情态动词 should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need 时 从句时态无须改变的还有以下情况 :

直接引语 直接引语 间接引语 间接引语 指示 代词 地点状语 方向性动词 this, this, that, that, these these those those now, now,then,today that day this week this week that week that week yesterday yesterday the day before the day before last week last week the week before the week before four days ago four days ago four days before the day before yesterday the day before yesterday two days before tomorrow tomorrow the next day the next day next month the next month the next month here here there there come, come, go, go,bringtake

直接引语中的助动 词 间接引语中的助动 词 shallshould Should （不变） willwould Would （不变） maymight Might （不变） cancould Could （不变） mustMust/had to

1. Jack said to me, “You look worried today.” Jack told me that ___ worried ___. A. he looks…today B. you look…today C. we looked…that day D. I looked…that day

2. We said to her, “They’re walking through the street now.” We told her that ___ through the street ___. A. we were walking…then B. you are walking…now C.they were walking…then D. they walking…now

3. Mr Black said, “I have walked a long way this week.” Mr Black said that __ a long way __. A. I had walked…last week B. he had walked…that week C. I walked…last week D. he has walked…this week

4. The man thought, “I shall take it back tomorrow.” The man thought that __ take it back ____. A. I shall…tomorrow B. I shall…the next day C. he should…tomorrow D. he would …the next day

5. They said to us, “Are you afraid to leave this house ?” They asked us ____ afraid to leave _____ house. A. that were we…this B. that we were…that C. if were we …this D. if we were…that

6. Jane said, “What did he hear about a week ago?” Jane asked ____ about _____. A. that he heard…a week ago B. what he had heard…the week before C. what he had herd… a week ago D. if he heard…the week ago

7. She asked, “Whose house will he break into next time ?” She asked whose house ____ break into _____. A. will he…next time B. would he…the next time C. he would…the next time D. he will…next time

8. Jack said to her, “Where do you spend your holidays?” Jack asked her where ____ holidays. A. she spent her B. you spend your C. she spend her D. you spent your

9. Black asked me, “ Why haven’t you left here yet?” Black asked me why ____ yet. A. I hadn’t left there B. I haven’t left here C. hadn’t I left there D. haven’t I left here

10. The teacher asked her, “Does the sun rise in the east ?” The teacher asked her ___ the sun ___ in the east. A. if…rise B. if…rises C. whether…rose D. whether did …rise

1.Readers can ________ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word. A. get over B. get in C. get along D. get through 高考链接 C 解析：答案 C 。本题主要考查具体语境中 get 短语的用法。全句意为：尽管读者不 知道每个单词的确切含义，但他们能够很 好得读懂，即读书进展得顺利，故用 get along 。

2. It’s hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ______ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall 高考链接 B 解析：答案 B 。本题考查了 fall in love 在虚拟语 气中的应用，从标志性时间状语 at the age of seven 看，宾语从句内容意指过去。在虚拟语气 结构中，若指过去，从句中动词形式用过去完成 时，主句中谓语动词形式用 would/should/might/ could/have done 。

3. Father went to his doctor for _______ about his heart trouble. A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices 高考链接 B 解析：答案 B 。 Advice 若作 “ 忠告，劝告，建 议 ” 讲，无论什么情况下都不可数，故 A 、 C 、 D 各项均属错误。 Advice 前不能用不定冠词， 但可被 some ， much ， a lot of/lots of ， a piece of ， a bit of ， a word of 等修饰。

4. I wonder how he ____ that to the teacher. A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared say 高考链接 D 解析：答案 D 。本题主要考查了 dare 作为情态动 词和实义动词的基本用法。作为实义动词， dare 有人称、数和时态的变化，故 dare to say 与主语 he 相悖； dare doing 结构本身错误； dare 的否定 形式应为 dare not do( 情态动词 ) 或 don’t/doesn’t/didn’t dare ( 实义动词 ) to do 。

Exercises: 1. He said, “I m afraid I can’t finish this work.” 2.He said, “I haven’t heard from him since May.” 3.Tom said “I will see you next week.” He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish that work. He said that he hadn’t heard from him since May. Tom said that he would see me the next week.

4. “Why were you late again?” The teacher said to me. 5. “I don’t like swimming,” said Sarah. 6. His friends asked him if he would go to Dalian. 7. “Have you been to Paris?” My classmate asked me. The teacher asked me why I was late again. Sarah said she didn’t like swimming. His friends asked him, “Will you go to Dalian?” My classmate asked me if I had been to Paris.

1.Anne said that she didn’t know the address of her new home. 2.Anne told her father that she had got tired of looking at nature through dirty curtains and dusty windows. 3.The girl said that she needed to pack up her things in the suitcase very quickly. 4.Her father asked her why she chose her diary and old letters. Answer keys to exercise 2 on page 5

5.“Are you very hot with so many clothes on ?” Mother asked. 6.“What else have you hidden under your overcoat?” Margot asked her. 7.“When shall we go back home ?” Ann asked her father. 8.“Why did you talk so much to that boy ?” Father asked Anne.

Anne said that when they arrived at Prinsengracht they went quickly upstairs and into the hiding place. She said that when they closed the door behind them, they were alone. She said Margot had come faster on her bicycle and was already waiting for them. She said all the rooms were full of boxes and they lay on the floor and the beds. Answer keys to exercise 1 on page 42

She said the little room was filled with bedclothes so they had to start clearing up at once, if they wished to sleep in comfortable beds that night. Anne said her mother and Margot were not able to help because they were tired. They lay down on their beds, but she and her father, the two “helpers” of the family, started at once.

Anne said they unpacked the boxes, filled the cupboards and tidied the whole day, until they were extremely tired. She said they did sleep in clean beds that night. She said they hadn’t had any warm food to eat all day, but they didn’t care. Anne said her mother and Margot were too tired and worried to eat, and she and her father were too busy.

Homework Review the knowledge of direct speech and indirect speech and summarize the rules.