Unit XVI: Regulation Control and Coordination of the organism using nervous and endocrine systems

_________ and ___________ of responses to stimuli __________ is a reaction ___________ is any change in the environment that causes a response A. Nervous Regulation 1. _______________ a) ____________ used to carry ___________ b) _______ = ____________________ travels from cell body to terminal branches Impulse Animation

c) Parts of the Neuron: - __________ – contains all the normal cell parts nucleus, mitochondria, golgi, ER, cytoplasm, etc. - _________ – ________ on the cell body, receive impulses, used to ________________ - ____ – long fiber that extends from the cell body, carries the impulse - Schwann’s Cells produce a Myelin sheath – layers of a white fatty substance  acts as insulation and helps the impulse travel faster - _______________ and ______________ – carry impulse to the next neuron or effector

d) ________ – _____________________________ - electrical impulse travels down the neuron from the cell body, axon, terminal branch, and the synaptic knob. - At the synaptic knob _________________ are released. - Neurotransmitters are chemicals that travel across the synapse to the next neuron

e) Types of Neurons - nerves are bundles of neurons 1 – _______________ – located in sense organs – ______________ _________________ spinal cord and ______ 2 – _______________ – located in the ________ ______________ interpret impulses 3 – _____________ – located at ________ carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands

What kind of neuron is this?

3. Adaptations for Regulation a) Regulation in Protists - ____________ in membrane – ____________ - receptors _______________________ - Allow the single cell to _________ to stimulus

b) Regulation in Hydra - __________________ - no organized nervous center  full body response

c) Regulation in the Earthworm - ___________________ – brain and ventral nerve cord - ventral nerve cord has ganglia – bundles of interneurons - ___________________ – nerve branches from the ventral nerve cord controls muscles, skin receptors

d) Regulation in the Grasshopper - _______________________________________ - Ganglia - _______________________________________ Antenna, eye, hairs, taste buds

4. Human Nervous System a) Central Nervous System 1) _________ – ___________________ - ___________ – larger in humans than other organisms - many convolutions – increase surface area - _______, _______, _________________ (________, _______, ___________) - ________________

- __________________ - 2nd largest part of the brain - _______, equilibrium, muscle tone - Smooth muscle movements - ________________ - connects to the spinal cord - controls _______________ – ________, heartbeat, _____ _______, ____________

2) _____________________ - connects the central and peripheral nervous systems - responsible for certain reflexes ________ = involuntary automatic response to a stimulus skips the brain

b) _________________________ nerves that extend from the spinal cord 1) _____________________ – ______________ of certain muscles, sense organs, and skin 2) ______________________ – usually deals with the _____________________ of the body 1 - ____________________ Nervous System 2 - ____________________ Nervous System ___________________ 3) Sense Receptors 1 – ______ 2 – ______ 3 – ______ – heat, pressure, touch, pain, cold 4 – ______ – sour, bitter, sweet, salty 5 - ______

c) Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System 1) The Effects of Drugs - can permanently alter brain chemistry - ____________ – _______ the functions of the nervous system  convulsions, heart attack, death ex: ________, amphetamines, crystal meth, ________, ___________, _________

- ________________ - __________ the functions of the nervous system  depress breathing rate ex: _______, ________, morphine, barbiturates

- _________________ - disrupt the function of the nervous system causing hallucinations  see and feel things that are not there ex: __________, ecstasy, PCP, ______, mesculine

2) _________________ - ___________________________ surrounding the brain and spinal cord - severe head ache and stiff neck

4) ____________ - _____ that destroys ___________ causing _____________ 3) _____________ - birth disorder that effects the ________ __________