Paragraph 29 Study: Study on the various types of mercury- emitting sources, current and future trends of mercury emissions, including analyzing and assessing the costs and the effectiveness of alternative control technologies and measures John Munthe, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, INC 1,Stockholm, 2010

Overview of presentation Objectives and focus Progress of work Information received and limitations Currents activities and study appriach

Objectives and components of the study Update mercury emissions inventories, incl. trends Describe technically the main source sectors Evaluate current and planned control measures with regard to mercury control Provide quantitative information on the effectiveness and costs of additional control measures Provide examples, develop scenarios and scale up to regional and global levels

Focus on main sectors coal ‑ fired power plants and industrial boilers; industrial metal production (focus on non-ferrous smelters, ; waste incineration; cement production factories. about 45% of global anthropogenic emissions "Para 29 sectors"

Other sectors If time permitting, and if relevant and sufficient information can be obtained easily (partnerships, industry associations, NGOs), inclusion of additional sectors will be considered. Potential sectors: Iron and steel production, chlor-alkali production etc Nothing received so far!

Time plan ONDJFMAMJJASO Questionnaire Zero draft preparation - Responses to questionnaire - Case studies - Regional overview/scenarios Final report INC 1 Report to UNEP/ INC 2 ?

Progress Questionnaires distributed including excel templates for data reporting (December/January) Zero Draft Report published (February) Documents available on Paragraph29_study.htm

Requested information from countries Technical characterization of sources. –to allow assessment of emissions and options for control Location of sources. –to provide input to atmospheric modelling (not part of this study) Existing plans for emission control, modernization, energy savings. –to assess future emission trends

Information received Information received from Austria, Barbados, Brazil, China, Cyprus, Iceland, EU, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Seychelles, South Africa, Turkey, UK, USA, CEMBUREAU, Additional data is welcome if immediately available.

Limitations Varying degree of coverage in submitted information. Received data is incomplete in terms of source identification and technical characteristics Information on technological and economic development in various regions is incomplete Limited information on case studies (good examples)

Limitations Information received will form basis for completion of study, but.. the study will rely heavily on complementary information from open literature and general assumptions Preliminary results will be communicated to parties to ensure: –submitted data have been interpreted correctly –assumptions on present technical status are reasonable –assumptions on costs, scenarios etc. are reasonable

Current activities Evaluate submitted information for each sector/country –Status of emission control (particles, SOx, NOx, Hg) –Mercury emissions corresponding to different levels of emission control –Representative emission factors for combination of technologies –Plans for sectors, air pollution control Generalise information

Generalization of data For each region, develop representative examples of emitting sources for all sectors, taking into account technical differences; e.g. mercury input (fuel, raw material), emission control status, Hg emissions....which will illustrate the regional differences in technological status and economy, and....will be used as models to estimate efficiencies of additional emission control measures and for scaling up to regional/global level

Preliminary examples with different technologies in coal fired power generation Example A: Basic air pollution control Cyclones, filters, electrostatic precipitators (ESP) for Particles Example B: Advanced air pollution emission control (not specifically for mercury) Additional measures from Level A; Advanced ESP, wet or dry scrubber for SOx, SCR/SNCR for NOx Example C: Mercury specific control Additional measures from Level B; activated carbon injection, additional filters, etc

Co-control of mercury and air pollutants Existing controls installation for other air pollutants (SOx, NOx, particles) also capture mercury to some extent Investment in controls for other pollutants have higher priority than mercury control in some countries/sectors Mercury specific controls are usually designed to be integrated with other pollutants control (retro-fit, additional emission control steps etc)

Optimizing air pollution control Optimization of other pollutants control to maximise mercury removal may be an efficient first step Additional information will be available from coal project (POG)

Separate evaluation of other measures Energy savings and increased energy efficiency. => reduced fuel use and thus reduced emissions of all pollutants and cost savings. Switch to low-mercury fuel and raw material. Feasability and costs are dependent on local availability. Pretreatment of fuel and raw material e.g. coal washing. Usually done for sulphur removal but also some reduction of mercury content.

Evaluation of costs and efficiencies Evaluate investment costs and changes in operating costs when introducing additional control technologies i.e. upgrading example A to B and example B to C or when optimizing existing control installations for mercury removal Investment and running costs will be based on information from open literature with necessary adjustment for economical status in different regions Main focus to evaluate additional costs for achieving reduction of mercury emissions but effects of general air pollution control needs to be taken into account.

Uncertainties and variability Variable Hg content in fuel/raw material Variable mercury removal efficiencies in all control technologies (in other pollutants controls and in mercury specific controls) Costs and generalisation/upscaling of costs Results will be presented in the form of ranges

Procedure for generalisation Define existing composition of sources representative for sectors and regions Evaluate costs and efficiencies for emission control measures for different regions and ambition levels Use available statistical data (activity data, economical parameters) to scale up acheived emission reductions and costs to different geographical/economic regions and globally.

Expected results Updated emissions inventorties, incl. trends Technical description of sectors Cost and efficiencies described for additional emission controls for the sectors in various regions Scenarios for different options of emission controls and associated costs and efficiencies in selected sectors Guidance for national assessments

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