The Civil War & Reconstruction

Reaction to Secession Lincoln had repeatedly stated that he would not interfere with slavery where it was already legal Lincoln had repeatedly stated that he would not interfere with slavery where it was already legal Believed that the Union was eternal and states could not secede Believed that the Union was eternal and states could not secede Did not attack the South initially. Wanted to wait and work things out diplomatically Did not attack the South initially. Wanted to wait and work things out diplomatically VA, NC, TN, and AR did not initially secede VA, NC, TN, and AR did not initially secede Widespread debate on secession Widespread debate on secession

Ft. Sumter April 12, 1861 April 12, 1861 Lincoln wanted to re-supply the federal fort in the bay of Charleston, SC Lincoln wanted to re-supply the federal fort in the bay of Charleston, SC Confederates bombarded the fort and the fort surrendered Confederates bombarded the fort and the fort surrendered The Civil War began The Civil War began VA, TN, AR, and NC joined the Confederacy VA, TN, AR, and NC joined the Confederacy The slave states of MO, MY, KY, and DE remained in the Union The slave states of MO, MY, KY, and DE remained in the Union West Virginia “seceded” from VA in 1863 and joined the Union West Virginia “seceded” from VA in 1863 and joined the Union

Advantages and Disadvantages North North –23 states, 22 million people –Industrial center of the US. About 85% of the manufacturing and 75% of the railroads. Guns and artillery –Had to be offensive –The War was unpopular to many in the North –Lack of leadership - generals South South –11 states, 9 million people (including slaves) –Agricultural cash-crop society. Dependent on trade –Defensive posture –War for Southern honor –Better training

The War Commences Both sides thought it would be a quick war Both sides thought it would be a quick war First Bull Run, June 1861 in VA First Bull Run, June 1861 in VA Shiloh, April 1862 in Mississippi Shiloh, April 1862 in Mississippi Antietam, Sept Gen. Lee invaded MY. Antietam, Sept Gen. Lee invaded MY. Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation Announced after Antietam Announced after Antietam Freed slaves ONLY in the states rebelling against the Union Freed slaves ONLY in the states rebelling against the Union How many slaves did the Emancipation Proclamation free? How many slaves did the Emancipation Proclamation free? Changed the war aims of the North Changed the war aims of the North

“The Harvest of Death” Despite the brutality of the earlier years, the final two years of the Civil War witnessed unheard of carnage Despite the brutality of the earlier years, the final two years of the Civil War witnessed unheard of carnage Chancellorsville & Vicksburg. Confederate victories Chancellorsville & Vicksburg. Confederate victories Gettysburg, July 1863 in PA. Lee invades again. Lee lost around half his army and had to go on the defensive Gettysburg, July 1863 in PA. Lee invades again. Lee lost around half his army and had to go on the defensive Grant led the Northern Army of the Potomac into VA towards Richmond in Grant led the Northern Army of the Potomac into VA towards Richmond in Over 6,000 dead per day through the campaign Over 6,000 dead per day through the campaign Sherman’s March to the Sea Sherman’s March to the Sea

The War Ends Appomattox - April 9, Lee surrendered the Army of Virginia Appomattox - April 9, Lee surrendered the Army of Virginia The remaining Confederate forces surrendered over a course of the next few weeks The remaining Confederate forces surrendered over a course of the next few weeks The Civil War was over, but what now? The Civil War was over, but what now?

Sic Semper Tyrannis Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, days after Lee’s surrender. Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, days after Lee’s surrender. Secretary of State William H. Seward was also attacked that night Secretary of State William H. Seward was also attacked that night Andrew Johnson (VP) was supposed to be assassinated as well Andrew Johnson (VP) was supposed to be assassinated as well Johnson becomes President Johnson becomes President

Results of the Civil War Ended slavery in the US Ended slavery in the US Over 630,000 soldiers died Over 630,000 soldiers died The South was decimated by the War The South was decimated by the War How was the nation to rebuild? How was the nation to rebuild?

Reconstruction, How to rebuild a nation and reincorporate the South back into the Union? How to rebuild a nation and reincorporate the South back into the Union? Rebuild southern economy Rebuild southern economy Status of nearly 4 million free slaves Status of nearly 4 million free slaves Lincoln’s Plan Lincoln’s Plan –Extraordinarily lenient –States could rejoin the Union if 10% of the voters in each state:  Accepted emancipation of slaves  Took an oath of loyalty to the Union –Presidential pardons to ex- Confederate officers and officials

Johnson’s Presidency and Radical Reconstruction Andrew Johnson continued Lincoln’s lenient plan Andrew Johnson continued Lincoln’s lenient plan Radical Republicans in Congress, such as Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, wanted to punish the South and protect the rights of the newly freed slaves Radical Republicans in Congress, such as Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, wanted to punish the South and protect the rights of the newly freed slaves Johnson continued, offering over 13,000 pardons and did not interfere with civil rights in the South (Black Codes) Johnson continued, offering over 13,000 pardons and did not interfere with civil rights in the South (Black Codes) Johnson vetoed the Freeman’s Bureau which attempted to relieve and educate free slaves Johnson vetoed the Freeman’s Bureau which attempted to relieve and educate free slaves The House voted to impeach Johnson in 1868, but the Senate did not convict him The House voted to impeach Johnson in 1868, but the Senate did not convict him Became an ineffective President after and Radical Reconstruction began Became an ineffective President after and Radical Reconstruction began

Radical Reconstruction Reconstruction Acts, Reconstruction Acts, Broke the South into 5 Military Occupied Zones controlled by Congress Broke the South into 5 Military Occupied Zones controlled by Congress Could only become a state again by ratifying the 14 th Amendment Could only become a state again by ratifying the 14 th Amendment Georgia was the last to return in 1870 Georgia was the last to return in 1870

Amendments 13 th Amendment, th Amendment, 1865 –Ended slavery 14 th Amendment, th Amendment, 1868 –Guaranteed citizenship to all persons born in the US –Citizenship conferred equal treatment under the law –States had to guarantee voting rights to male citizens 15 th Amendment, th Amendment, 1870 –Emphasized the last part of the 14 th Amendment. –Guaranteed all black males the right to vote

The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction The Election of 1876 The Election of 1876 Samuel Tilden (Dem) vs. Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) Samuel Tilden (Dem) vs. Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) Contested election Contested election Compromise of 1877 Compromise of 1877 –Hayes won the presidency –Promised to end Reconstruction

And so it Ends Reconstruction did abolish slavery and the Reconstruction Amendments did guarantee equal treatment Reconstruction did abolish slavery and the Reconstruction Amendments did guarantee equal treatment These rights were only as good as the paper they were written on, though These rights were only as good as the paper they were written on, though However, the US moved forward as a nation. Local concerns remained important, but American nationalism triumphed However, the US moved forward as a nation. Local concerns remained important, but American nationalism triumphed Thanks for a great semester! Thanks for a great semester!