The Civil War Begins Chapter 4 Section 2

Taking sides Southern States takes sides – 1861 Fort Sumter in SC falls to confederates – Lincoln calls for volunteers 4 more states join Confederacy – VA, AR, NC, TN MD, DE, KY, MO (slave states) stay w/ Union – VA’s western region opposes slavery & state splits to West Virginia & Virginia

Strengths & Weaknesses Naval Ships Firearms In millions

Strategies North’s 3-part plan “Anaconda Plan” – Blockade Southern ports, can’t export cotton, can’t import manufactured goods – Control the MS River & divide the Confederacy in two – Capture the Confederate capital, Richmond, VA South mostly defensive

First Battle 25 miles outside Washington D.C.- Bull Run becomes 1 st battle Morning Union Army takes control; afternoon Confederates take the victory – Led by Stonewall Jackson Confederate morale soars; think its over & go home

Union Army George McClellan appointed to command soldiers near D.C. Western Union troops fight for MS River; commanded by Ulysses S. Grant – Wins 2 forts; heavy casualties at Shiloh (TN) about 25,000 killed, wounded or captured David Farragut commands Union fleet, captures New Orleans Almost cut the South in 2

War for the Capitals Robert E. Lee takes control of Confederate Army – Drove McClellan from Richmond, VA (capital) McClellan finds Lee’s orders and goes after him; meet in Antietam, MD – Bloodiest one-day battle +26,000 dead Next day McClellan does nothing; taken out of command by Lincoln

Politics of War South thinks cotton will persuade Britain to recognize Confederacy – Just got huge inventory Instead they need Northern goods; decide to remain neutral

Proclaiming Emancipation Northern abolition growing; Lincoln dislikes slavery but doesn’t feel the govt. has power to end it Issues Emancipation Proclamation- slaves are Southern resource, the Union Army can seize them – Only applied to slaves behind Confederate lines Gives war moral purpose

Life during wartime Lincoln & Jefferson both suspend habeas corpus b/c of the number of sympathizers on both sides Casualties & desertion lead both sides to impose conscription (draft) get men to fight – NYC draft riots African-Americans serve Union Army 180,000; suffer discrimination, less pay

Soldiers suffer View war as glorious, then reality sets in High casualties, camp filth, limited diet, poor medical care – Hardtack, amputations, body lice, dysentery POW camps especially bad; overcrowded, unsanitary, disease, malnutrition – 15% Union & 12% Confederates will die in prisons Thousands serve as nurses (3,000 Union) – Clara Barton serves as Union nurse, founder of the American Red Cross

Economical Effects Shatters the South’s Economy – Loss of labor, Union occupation, food shortages – Inflation rises 7,000% North’s economy – Army’s need supports woolen mills, steel foundries – Wages don’t keep up w/ prices, standard of living declines – Employees go on strike; hire free blacks, women Congress helps pay for war by collecting income tax