Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 3. How do we integrate and protect newly- emancipated black freedmen? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?

 Cities were destroyed.  The economies were destroyed.  3.5 million emancipated (Free) slaves found themselves homeless and jobless.

President Lincoln’s Plan  It was known as the 10% Plan  Permitted the state to rejoin the Union when 10% of its residents swore their loyalty to the United States.  Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.  He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.  Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.  When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)  Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).  Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.  Called for Confederate states to abolish slavery and delay Reconstruction Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH) Congressman Henry W. Davis (R-MD)

13 th Amendment  Ratified in December,  Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.  Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.  To summarize, the 13 th Amendment officially ends slavery.  For southern states to re-enter the union, President Johnson said they had to accept this.

 Established in 1865  Distributed food and clothing.  Served as an employment agency for the newly freed black population of the South.  Set up hospitals and operated schools.

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

 Northern Republicans who arrived in the South eager to benefit financially from Reconstruction

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)  Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers.  Amnesty is the act of an authority (as a government) by which pardon is granted to a large group of individuals  In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.  To repudiate is to refuse to have anything to do with.  Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. EFFECTS? 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Black Codes  Its Purpose was to:  Prevent African Americans from achieving social, political, and economic equality.  Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

14 th Amendment  Ratified in July, Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. Required states to extend equal citizenship to African Americans Guaranteed equal protection of law. Did not give African Americans the vote. Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

The Balance of Power in Congress StateWhite CitizensFreedmen SC291,000411,000 MS353,000436,000 LA357,000350,000 GA591,000465,000 AL596,000437,000 VA719,000533,000 NC631,000331,000

Radical Plan for Readmission  Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision.  Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13 th and 14 th Amendments.  In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867  Command of the Army Act * The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.  Tenure of Office Act * The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.  Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government.  A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

President Johnson’s Impeachment  Johnson removed Stanton in February,  Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.  The House of Representatives impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!  Impeachment is a formal process in which an official is accused of unlawful activity, the outcome of which may include the removal of that official from office as well as other punishment.  The House of Representatives voted to impeach the president.  They claimed he had violated the Tenure of Office Act.  The Tenure of Office Act provided that all federal officials whose appointment required Senate confirmation could not be removed without the consent of the Senate.

The Trial of Andrew Johnson  11 week trial in the Senate.  Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

15 th Amendment  Ratified in  The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.  The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.  Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Amnesty Act of 1872: All white Southern ex-Confederates can vote and hold public office. ***What will be the impact on voting in the South?? A White Southern Democrat holding his nose as African Americans go to vote

The Election of 1876 The House gave all electoral votes to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes. The South did not mind because Hayes had secretly agreed to end Reconstruction

New Industries in the South Above: Tobacco farming Below: Textile Mills Coal Mining Cotton farming returns

 Poll Tax: Voters have to pay a fee when they show up to vote at the polls  Most African Americans could not afford the tax

Literacy Tests: This required voters to read and explain a section of the Constitution The Catch: Most blacks at the time could not read, and so they failed the test Grandfather Clause: If a person’s father or grandfather was eligible to vote on January 1 st, 1867, the voter did not have to take the Literacy Test The Catch: No African Americans could vote before 1868

 This Supreme Court case determined that separating blacks and whites was legal, as long as the facilities were equal  Established “Separate but equal”

 Laws passed by Southern states that separated blacks and whites in schools, restaurants, theatres, trains, street cars, playgrounds, hospitals, and cemeteries  (On left) A racist depiction of blacks dancing through a field

The Civil Rights Act of 1875  Crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public conveyances and public places.  Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.  Prohibited business that served the public, such as hotels and transportation facilities, from discriminating against African Americans.  Shortcoming  lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

Northern Support Diminishes  “Grantism” & Corruption.  "Grantism" was originally coined by Senator Charles Sumner in a speech on May 31, 1872, during a Presidential election year. It was made to create a distinction between what Sumner believed between the Republican Party and Ulysses S. Grant. Sumner and Grant had been political enemies since Sumner refused to annex Santo Domingo to the United States. Sumner accused Grant of political patronage, nepotism, and being an autocrat like Julius Caesar. Charles SumnerRepublican Partypolitical patronage nepotismJulius Caesar  Nepotism is is favoritism granted to supporters regardless of merit.favoritismmerit  Panic of 1873 [6-year depression].  Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars.  Monetary issues: should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War?