Human long non ‐ coding RNAs promote pluripotency and neuronal differentiation by association with chromatin modifiers and transcription factors by Shi ‐ Yan Ng, Rory Johnson, and Lawrence W Stanton EMBO J. Volume 31(3): February 1, 2012 ©2012 by European Molecular Biology Organization

Neural progenitors derived from H1 hESCs (H1 ‐ NPCs) homogenously expressed neural stem cell and radial glia markers. Shi ‐ Yan Ng et al. EMBO J. 2012;31: ©2012 by European Molecular Biology Organization

H1 ‐ NPCs differentiate into TH+ midbrain DA neurons with high efficiency. Shi ‐ Yan Ng et al. EMBO J. 2012;31: ©2012 by European Molecular Biology Organization

ES ‐ specific lncRNAs are low abundance transcripts, and are probably regulated by pluripotent factors OCT4 and NANOG. (A) The expression levels of pluripotency lncRNAs were determined by qPCR in a panel of cell lines and somatic tissues. Shi ‐ Yan Ng et al. EMBO J. 2012;31: ©2012 by European Molecular Biology Organization

Knockdown of pluripotency lncRNAs results in hESC differentiation. Shi ‐ Yan Ng et al. EMBO J. 2012;31: ©2012 by European Molecular Biology Organization

Nuclear pluripotency lncRNAs are physically associated with PRC2 component SUZ12 and pluripotent transcription factor SOX2. Shi ‐ Yan Ng et al. EMBO J. 2012;31: ©2012 by European Molecular Biology Organization

Neuronal lncRNAs are expressed in brain tissues, and are required for neurogenesis. Shi ‐ Yan Ng et al. EMBO J. 2012;31: ©2012 by European Molecular Biology Organization

Neuronal lncRNAs act via diverse mechanisms. Shi ‐ Yan Ng et al. EMBO J. 2012;31: ©2012 by European Molecular Biology Organization

Proposed mechanism for role of lncRNA in hESC pluripotency and neuronal differentiation. Shi ‐ Yan Ng et al. EMBO J. 2012;31: ©2012 by European Molecular Biology Organization