Divide the paper into three sections. Draw a dark horizontal line about 5 or 6 lines from the bottom. Draw the line dark so that it is clear. Draw a dark vertical line about 2 inches from the left side of the paper from the top to the horizontal line.

Write notes The large box to the right is for writing notes. Skip a line between ideas and topics. Don't use complete sentences. Use abbreviations, whenever possible. Develop a shorthand of your own, such as using "&" for the word "and."

Review and clarify Review the notes as soon as possible after class. Pull out main ideas, key points, dates, and people, and write these in the left column. Summarize Write a summary of the main ideas in the bottom section.

Study your notes Re-read your notes in the right column. Spend most of your time studying the ideas in the left column and the summary at the bottom. These are the most important ideas and will probably include most of the information that you will be tested on.

Chapter 23: Foreign Policy He believed, with considerable historical justification, that miscalculation had been the route to war several times in the twentieth century. In Kennedy's view, it was essential to prevent such miscalculation in the future, for there could be no winners in a nuclear war.

Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations The purposes of foreign policy:  Maintain national security  Support democracy  Promote world peace  Provide aid to people in need

The president’s military and diplomatic powers:  Military powers—commander in chief: recommends military operations to Congress  Diplomatic powers—makes treaties: peace treaties, alliance treaties, commercial treaties; executive agreements; appoints and receives ambassadors; diplomatic recognition Bush and Putin sign historic anti-nuclear treaty: 2002

Congress balances the president’s authority:  The Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the House Committee on International Relations make policy recommendations to the president.  Senate must approve treaties by a two- thirds vote.  Only Congress can declare war.  1973—War Powers Act limited the president’s power to send troops abroad.  Congress must approve all spending of public funds such as defense spending.

Section 2: Working for Peace The Main Idea To promote peace and stability, the United States engages in diplomacy with other nations. These alliances with other countries serve mutual defense, economic, and other needs.

NATO and its purpose today:  North Atlantic Treaty Organization—a united front against aggression by the Soviet Union and its communist allies; established 1949  Pledges an attack against one member is an attack against all  NATO’s Partnership for Peace Program— countries participate in preparation for NATO membership

The purpose and forms of foreign aid:  Provides military or economic assistance to another country  Provides food, clothing, and housing to wartorn countries.  Rebuilds factories, farms, and transportation systems  Helps countries maintain their independence and become self- sufficient  Provides humanitarian aid  Peace Corps volunteers provide teaching, engineering, agriculture, and health care assistance.

Alliances and organizations promoting international trade and economic stability:  European Union (EU)—seeks free movement of goods, workers, and capital  North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)— allows free trade between Canada, United States, and Mexico  Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Group (APEC)— promotes cooperation among Asia-Pacific countries

Alliances and organizations promoting international trade and economic stability:  World Trade Organization (WTO)— sets rules for international trade  International Monetary Fund (IMF)— lends funds to countries in need  United Nations World Bank—offers another way for countries to cooperate

Section 3: The United Nations The Main Idea The United Nations provides a forum in which countries may discuss serious problems and work toward solutions. 1945—United Nations formed to promote peaceful coexistence and worldwide cooperation; countries pledged to save future generations from war.

The United Nations: Six Divisions  General Assembly—discusses, debates, and recommends solutions to global issues  Security Council—mainly responsible for peacekeeping  International Court of Justice— handles international legal disputes

The United Nations: Six Divisions (continued)  Economic and Social Council— dedicated to improving lives; conducts studies on world populations  Trusteeship Council—helped non- self-governing colonies; suspended in 1994  Secretariat—manages day-to-day activities and provides services

UN: The Economic and Social Council  Improves the lives of the world’s people  Studies health, human rights, education, narcotics, and world population  Ensures the UN works together with specialized agencies

UN: Functions of the specialized agencies:  Work to improve the lives of the world’s people  Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)— helps countries grow better food and increase production  United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)—extends educational opportunities  World Meteorological Organization (WMO)— promotes exchange of weather reports  World Bank—makes loans and gives economic and technical advice  International Telecommunications Union (ITU)— promotes electronic communication

The End