WORLD HISTORY/ GEOGRAPHY MONDAY MARCH 14 TH, 2016 Warm Up: Describe the Renaissance. Describe the Scientific Revolution. Take an educated guess to what comes next.

CHANGES IN THE WORLD The Renaissance: Changes in the way people viewed culture The Scientific Revolution: Changes in the way people viewed the natural world The Enlightenment: Changes in the way people viewed the government & Society

THE ENLIGHTENMENT European thinkers developed new ideas about government and society during the Enlightenment. Reason could be used to solve all human problems. As the Enlightenment began, European thinkers began looking for ways to apply reason in order to improve the human condition Ideas of Enlightenment Educated people throughout Europe, beyond, inspired Held notion that world problems could be solved New ideas debated in coffeehouses, public spaces Writers published ideas in books, magazines, pamphlets

WHAT IS THE ENLIGHTENMENT? Philosophes) The intellectuals of the Enlightenment (called Philosophes) believed: reason The universe could be understood through reason natural laws Everything in nature could be explained by natural laws —universal truths found through observation (Religion is not necessary to understand the world)

Scientific Revolution convinced many European thinkers about power of reason Scientific method and reason led to discoveries about physical world The belief in progress—the world can be improved upon & perfected People have natural rights—personal freedoms that allow people to enjoy liberty (no restrictions on speech, religion, or the economy) Wondered if reason could be used to study human nature, society New generation of philosophers, 1600s Viewed reason as best way to understand truth Concluded reason could be used to solve all human problems This time of optimism now called the Enlightenment THE AGE OF REASON

PEAK OF ENLIGHTENMENT Reached peak in 1700s Paris, center of intellectual activity Parisian women hosted social gatherings (salons) Philosophers, artists, scientists, writers regularly discussed ideas provided a place for women and men to congregate for intellectual discourse key institution in which women played a central role

GOALS OF ENLIGHTENED RULERS Some monarchs did accept Enlightenment ideas. They became enlightened despots, or absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change (governed by Enlightenment principles while retaining royal power). The Philosophes hoped to convince the ruling classes that reform was necessary and believed that enlightened rulers were to: establish and preserve natural rights; nurture the arts, sciences, and education; and to enforce the laws fairly over all subjects Philosophes tried to influence rulers in Prussia, Austria, and Russia to make enlightened reforms

ARTS AND LITERATURE REFLECT NEW IDEAS Music –Classical = elegant –Johann Sebastian Bach = wrote religious works for organs and choirs –Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart = created music for operas, symphonies, and religious services Art –Baroque = grand, ornate style; paintings were huge, colorful, and full of excitement –Rococo = moved away from religion; lighter, elegant, and charming Literature – Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe, an exciting tale about a sailor shipwrecked on a tropical island

RESULTS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT Ideas about freedom and representative government inspired leaders in the American colonies to revolt and establish an independent republic (United States of America), which in turn influenced the French Revolution and the Latin American Revolutions The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, and the Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas

ENLIGHTENMENT: MAIN IDEAS Applied reason to the human world Stimulated religious tolerance Fueled democratic revolutions around the world Influenced the framers of the United States Constitution

THOMAS HOBBES English thinker, wrote views of government in Leviathan Believed that absolute monarchy best Believed people needed government to impose order –People selfish, greedy –Should exchange some freedoms for peace, safety, order –Social contract surrender some of freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or magistrate in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. The social contract is not between the citizens and the ruling power. It is a contract citizens make with each other to accept the rule of central authority. The minority accepts the majority decision

JOHN LOCKE English philosopher, believed all people born equal Government should protect people’s natural rights Monarchs not chosen by God Government by consent Power limited by laws Ideas foundation for modern democracy

JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU French philosopher, believed people basically good Believed society corrupted people Wrote The Social Contract, contract between all members of society “Man is born free but everywhere is in chains.” View of Government, Society Believed government should work for common good, not wealthy few Individuals should give up some freedoms for benefit of community Despised inequality in society Views inspired revolutionaries in years to come

BARON DE MONTESQUIEU Separation of powers Best form of government divided power among branches of government Separation of powers kept individual or group from abusing power The Spirit of the Laws Published 1748, showed admiration of Great Britain’s government Powers divided into branches: legislative, executive, judicial Parliament made laws, king carried out laws, courts interpreted laws Checks and balances Misunderstood structure of British government, rational conclusion anyway Separation of powers allowed each branch to check against power of others Concept later important structure of democratic governments

LETS TALK ABOUT GIRLS!! Women of French Salons Heroes of the Enlightenment