WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF SPATIAL PLANNING IN SELF-ORGANIZING AND EVOLVING SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS IN THE CASE OF ISTANBUL? D 9th Meeting of AESOP Thematic Group on Complexity and Planning “ Self-Organizing and Spatial Planning ” Nazire Diker Ph.D. Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning Istanbul / Turkey

Complexity and Synergetic System Theories Neo – Evolutionist Theories Explain the rules of transferring a new and more complex order, and the principles of self-organization process. In chaos situations with self-organization processes, system continuously develop new communication and interaction channels between sub-systems, organs and elements and evolve into a new and more complex systems.

SYNERGETIC SYSTEM Circular Causality WHOLE PARTS General Order and Self – Organizations Self – Learning Livings, Organizations and Society UNPREDICTABLE & UNCONTROLLABLE FUTURE SYSTEM MUST BE INTEGRATED AS A WHOLE Ready for every possible conditions of future Have high level of ability for adaptation Be flexible Be very well organized Have rapid information flow and decision-making process Be living and dynamic organization

SELF-SIMILARITY IS THE BASIC PRICIPLE IN LIVING, NON-LINEAR AND SELF-ORGANIZING SYSTEMS Similar Order in Each Scale of Organization or Organism (Like in Fractals ). The power of self-similarity occurs in the high level of complexity Building Communication – Interaction Channels Between Similarities Building More Complex System as a Whole than Before Construction principle of Koch’s snow flake (Mandelbrot,1982) Mandelbrot groups, parts have similar order with whole (Gleick, 1987:128)

S-ORG OS LEVEL OF INTEGRATION TIME ORDER CHAOS ORDER CHAOS S-ORG : SELF-ORGANIZATION OS : OVER SPECIALIZATION Flood & Carson, 1993) ORDER WITH FLUCTUATION

D SOSYOLOGICAL DYNAMICS PSYCHOLOGICAL DYNAMICS POWER DYNAMICS TECHNOLOGYCAL DYNAMICS INFORMATIONAL DYNAMICS ECOLOGYCAL DYNAMICS SPATIAL-TEMPORAL- CULTURAL DYNAMICS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK REMEMBERING CHRISTALLER’S HIERARCHY EACH SOCIETY HAS SEVEN SUB-SYSTEMS FROM VILLAGE / QUARTER LEVEL TO THE WORLD LEVEL THE MODEL OF CHRISTALLER CRITICISED THAT WAS STATIC HERE WITH THIS MODEL I ATTEMPTED TO TRANSFER IT A DYNAMIC CONCEPTUAL MODEL

TECHNOLOGYCAL DYNAMICS IndividualFamily Social Institutio ns Physical Environment Biological Environment Human Being Subjectivit y Relationships Personality Energy Production Distribution Information Source Information Conductor Information Receiver Ideology Sharing Authority Mobility Built Environment Culture History SOSYOLOGICAL DYNAMICS POWER DYNAMICS ECOLOGYCAL DYNAMICS SPATIO-TEMPORAL & CULTURAL ACCUMULATION DYNAMICS PSYCHOLOGICAL DYNAMICS INFORMATICAL DYNAMICS LEVELS OF SOCIETIES 1. QUARTER 2. TOWN 3. PROVINCE 4. REGION 5. COUNTRY 6. INTERNATIONAL REGION 7. WORLD THERE MUST BE DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

MEANING OF SYNERGY & SYNERGETIC CONCEPTS ENERGY: The capacity for action, work or accomplishment ENERJETIC: Having, exerting, increasing, developing, or displacing energy ENERGIC: Having performance for an action or work ENERGIZER: A factor which effect or motivate the formation & development of energy SYNERGY: The collective action of two or more substances, organs, or organisms to achieve an effect of which each is individually incapable. The emergence of great and unexpected power which is more than sum of each of it when more than two parts / organs / organisms join together and to be one SYNERGETIC: A dynamic, powerful, living group or organization who can self-organize by developing communication & interaction channels within sub- systems or with others, and can create, and can develop synergy by transferring their static energy to kinetic energy SYNERGIC: Having synergy or having the ability to develop synergy SYNERGIST / SYNERGISTIC / SYNERGIZER: A part, group or organ which effect or motivate the formation & development of synergy Planners must take the role which could be defined as Synergist / Synergistic / Synergizer between Sivil Society – Local Governments and State Organizations

THERE IS A NEED FOR COORDINATION HORIZONTALY AND VERTICALY IN THE SOCIETIES Social synergy develops within the communication & interaction channels between different levels of societies in the same dynamics. But when social synergy become to produce a solution they started to connect horizontal linkages between different dynamics of that society especially with power dynamics for some permissions. If there is an insufficiency in power dynamics of that society, the power dynamics of upper level of society’s takes this role.

WORLD INTERNATIONAL REGION COUNTRY / NATION REGION PROVINCE TOWN / DISTRICT QUARTER STATE CIVIL SOCIETY LOCAL GOVERNMENTS HIERARCHIES IN SYNERGIC ADMINISTRATION SYNERGIC ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION IN EACH LEVEL OF SOCIETY -

COUNCIL HIERARCHIES OF SYNERGIC ADMINISTRATION WORLD INTERNATIONAL REGION NATION /COUNTRY REGION PROVINCE TOWN / DISTRICT QUARTER 1.SOCIAL 2. PYSYCHOLOGICAL 3.TECHNOLOGICAL 4. INFORMATICS 5. SPATIO – TEMPORAL – CULTURAL ACCUMULATIONS 6. ECOLOGICAL 7. POWER DYNAMIC PLATFORMS CAUCUCES & WORKSHOPS IN DYNAMIC PLATFORMS ORGANIZATION OF SYNERGIC ADMINISTRATION REPEATED IN EACH LEVEL DYNAMIC PLATFORMS – CAUCUSES

A FRACTAL ABSTRACTION OF SOME OF COMPLEX VERTICAL AND HORIZANTAL COMMUNICATION & INTERACTION CHANNELS LIKE NEURAL NETWORKS BETWEEN SYNERGETIC DYNAMICS OF SOCIETIES There is not hierarchical relationships like bureaucracy, an actor from a platform or council in quarter or village level could built a communication & interaction channel with other nation’s similar dynamic platforms or councils.

ANALOGIES BETWEEN EVOLUTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS & MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OF SOCIETIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ORGANISMS, THEY CREATE MORE COMPLEX COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN THEIR BODY FROM PRITIVE TO COMPLEX ORGANISMS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS PRIMITIVE ORGANISMS HAVE EPYPHYSIS & PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES HAVE CIVIL SOCIETY THEIR BEHAVIOUR DEPENDS ON THEIR SENSES MAMMALS HAVE EPYPHISIS + HYPOPHYSIS & CITY STATES HAVE LOCAL GOVERNMETNS THEIR BEHAVIOUR DEPENDS ON THEIR SENSES & HORMONAL SYSTEM HUMAN BEINGS HAVE EPYPHISIS + HYPOPHYSIS + BIG SOCIETIES HAVE NATIONAL STATES & HYPOTHALAMUS & THEIR BEHAVIOUR DEPENDS ON THEY DEVELOPED HIERARCHICAL RATIONALIST & THEIR SENSES & HORMONAL SYSTEM & RATIONAL MIND SYSTEM WITH THE DEVELOPMENTS OF NEO-CORTEX IN THERE IS A NEED TO COMPLEX MANAGEMENT HUMAN BRAIN, HUMAN BEINGS HAVE STARTED SYSTEM WHICH MAY BE SYNERGIC TO IMAGINE, PLANNING, COMPLEX DECISION MAKING ADMINISTRATION FOR INTEGRATED COMPLEX IN COMPLEX & UNCERTAIN SITUATIONS (Domasio, 1999) SOCIETY (Diker, N. 2003)

FRAGMENTATION OF DISTRICTS ADMINISTRATIVE BORDERS (Tasdemir, I., Batuk, F.)

POPULATION CHANGES IN DISTRICTS Changes ratios of districts population into the total population of Istanbul Districts have population at the level of maximum limit (full) Districts have more population increase ratio than Istanbul’s average (Kalkan, S., Çetiz, S., Akay, Z.; 2004) SELF-ORGANIZING CITY OF IATANBUL

SETTLEMENT AREAS MAP (Tasdemir, I.,Batuk, F.)

SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS (1995) EXISTING SETTLEMENT AREAS (1995) (Tasdemir, I.,Batuk, F.)

1980- ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN MASTER PLAN 1/50.000

1995- ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN MASTER PLAN 1/

2009- ISTANBUL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIC PLAN 1/

NUMBERS OF DISTRICTS NUMBERS OF QUARTERS NUMBERS OF VILLAGES In 2004 the borders of Istanbul Greater Municipality were extended and become the same as borders of Provincial Government