Two different problems 1 – The interest of Petrobrás in the refineries in Bolivia as a company although State owned 1 – The interest of Petrobrás in the refineries in Bolivia as a company although State owned 2 - The interest of Brazil in the natural gas supply from Bolivia 2 - The interest of Brazil in the natural gas supply from Bolivia

Bolivia Natural Gas Share 75% to Brasil 75% to Brasil 15% to Argentina 15% to Argentina 10% internal market 10% internal market 18% of the Bolivian GDP 18% of the Bolivian GDP

Alternatives to the Bolivian Gas in Brazil Expansion of the national gas production, which can grow but after some years Expansion of the national gas production, which can grow but after some years Importation from other countries Importation from other countries a) LNG by boats a) LNG by boats b) long pipeline from Venezuela b) long pipeline from Venezuela

The importance of Hydropower The importance of Hydropower in South America in South America mainly in Brazil mainly in Brazil

Comparison of Energy in LA and World Population LA / World = 7% Mtoe Mtoe Total: World = LA = 483  4,7% Oil 5,8% Oil 5,8% Natural Gas 4,0% Natural Gas 4,0% Nuclear 0,8% Nuclear 0,8% Hydroelectricity 21,1%  Hydroelectricity 21,1% 

Water Resources km3 / year m3 /year / capita km3 / year m3 /year / capita Brazil 8,2  1st 48,3 Brazil 8,2  1st 48,3 Russia 4,5 30,9 Russia 4,5 30,9 Canada 2,9 94,3 Canada 2,9 94,3 Indonesia 2,8 13,3 China 2,8 2,2 China 2,8 2,2 USA 2,0 7,4 USA 2,0 7,4 Peru 1,9  74,5 Peru 1,9  74,5 India 1,9 1,8 India 1,9 1,8 Congo 1,3 25,1 Congo 1,3 25,1 Venezuela 1,2  51,0 Venezuela 1,2  51,0 Ten Higher 29,7 34,9 Ten Higher 29,7 34,9 World 43,7 7,2 World 43,7 7,2 FAO, United Nations, 2003 quoted by Roberto D ‘Araujo, 2004 FAO, United Nations, 2003 quoted by Roberto D ‘Araujo, 2004

Hydroelectric Installed Capacity Hydroelectric Installed Capacity MW Energy GWh MW Energy GWh USA 79,5 319,5 USA 79,5 319,5 Canada 66,9 341,3 Canada 66,9 341,3 China 65,0 204,3 China 65,0 204,3 Brazil 57,5  (4th) 285,6 Brazil 57,5  (4th) 285,6 Russia 44,0 160,5 Russia 44,0 160,5 Norway 27,5 121,8 Norway 27,5 121,8 Japan 27,2 84,5 Japan 27,2 84,5 France 25,3 77,5 France 25,3 77,5 Índia 22,0 82,2 Índia 22,0 82,2 Italy 16,6 47,0 Italy 16,6 47,0 Sweden 16,2 70,8 Sweden 16,2 70,8 Switzerland 13,2 37,3 Switzerland 13,2 37,3 Venezuela 13,1  60,6 Venezuela 13,1  60,6 Austria 11,6 41,7 Austria 11,6 41,7 Survey of Energy Resources World Energy Council, Survey of Energy Resources World Energy Council, Quoted by Roberto D ‘Araujo, 2004

The Brazilian Electric Sector ,799 MW InstalledCapacity(MW) Hydro 64.77% Hydro Itaipu 6.51% Thermal 18.08% Nuclear 2.07% Imports 8.44% Others 0.13%

The Brazilian Electric Sector Population 180 millions 2004 Demand Structure (MW) Mid - South 63% Northeast 14 % North 6 % South 17 % Mid - South 63%

A Continental Size NetworkA Network kms SOURSE: ONS – 2002 / ILUMINA

A Continental Size Network kms

Electric Exclusion In Brazil Most of North Region (Amazonian forest) has no grid  isolated systems with diesel generation of electricity  R$ 4 Billions = US$ 2 Billions of subside. Most of North Region (Amazonian forest) has no grid  isolated systems with diesel generation of electricity  R$ 4 Billions = US$ 2 Billions of subside. An estimated 12 million people in Brazil do not have electricity. An estimated 12 million people in Brazil do not have electricity. 88% of these people are rural residents  10,5 million rural people, or ~ 2 million households without electricity. 88% of these people are rural residents  10,5 million rural people, or ~ 2 million households without electricity. In the North, 59,7% of rural homes do not have electricity, in the South approximately 10%. In the North, 59,7% of rural homes do not have electricity, in the South approximately 10%.

Light for All Program

Problems of hydroelectricity in Brazil Problems of hydroelectricity in Brazil Environmental questions Environmental questions Movements against dams Movements against dams Pressure to abandon hydroelectricity Pressure to abandon hydroelectricity Need of planning to thermal electric plants to complementation of hydroelectricity Need of planning to thermal electric plants to complementation of hydroelectricity

Climate Change and Energy World Political Challenge World Political Challenge and Brazil and Brazil

Historical Contributions to Global Temperature Modelling and assessment of contributions to climate change