English Business 2 for Management Lecture 2 Dea Adlina

USING SOME, ANY, MUCH, MANY, A LOT OF, EVERY, AND A FEW Expressions of Quantity

COUNT or NONCOUNT ?? Common NONCOUNT nouns Whole groups made up of similar items: baggage, money/cash/change, jewelry, food, fruit Fluids: Water, coffee, tea, oil Solids: Ice, meat, gold, iron, paper Gases: Steam, air, oxygen, smoke, pollution Particles: Rice, corn, dust, hair, salt

COUNT or NONCOUNT ?? Common NONCOUNT nouns Abstractions: Beauty, confidence, time, work, grammar, peace, help, honesty Languages: Arabic, English, Japanese Field of study: Chemistry, literature, engineering Recreation: Baseball, tennis, chess, poker General activity: Driving, studying, walking (and other gerunds) Natural phenomena: Weather, heat, humidity, lightning, rain

Expressions of QuantityUsed with count nounsUsed with noncount nouns One Each Every One apple Each apple Every apple ØØØØØØ Two Both A couple of Three, etc. A few Several Many A number of Two apples Both apples A couple of apples Three apples A few apples Several apples Many apples A number of apples ØØØØØØØØØØØØØØØØ A little Much A great deal of ØØØØØØ A little rice Much rice A great deal of rice Not any/no Some A lot of Lots of Plenty of Most All Not any/no apples Some apples A lot of apples Lots of apples Plenty of apples Most apples All apples Not any/no rice Some rice A lot of rice Lots of rice Plenty of rice Most rice All rice Expressions of Quantity

ANY Used in negatives Compare NOT vs. No: – I do not have any money  NOT: to make a verb negative. – I have no money  used as an adjective

SOME and ANY Examples: There was someone in his room. (+) – There wasn’t anyone in his room. (-) – There was no one in his room. (-) We have some time to waste. (+) – We don’t have any time to waste. (-) – We have no time to waste. (-)

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES How to use

Gerunds The –ing form of a verb used as a noun, i.e., as a subject or an object. a)Playing tennis is fun. b)We enjoy playing tennis. c)He’s exited about playing tennis. S OVS Oprep V Gerund phrase

Using IT + to Infinitive using gerunds as subjects Example of gerunds to infinitive form: – Crouching  to crouch – Flipping  to flip  Blaming others is an unseemly behavior  It is an unseemly behavior to blame others The word it refers to and has the same meaning as the infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence

changing Gerund into To + infinitive A.Riding a horse is always fun. B.To ride a horse is always fun. C.It is always fun to ride a horse Gerundverb To + infinitiveverb To + infinitive Added subject

It + gerunds Sometimes used when the speaker is talking about a particular situation and wants to give the idea of “while” Tom was drunk. It was dangerous riding with him. We were in danger while we were riding with him.

CONNECTORS Coordinating, Subordinating, Correlative

Coordinating Connectors and, but, or To connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. This use of conjunctions is called parallel structure.

Coordinating Connectors and, but, or Steve and his friend are coming to dinner. He is waving his arms and (is) shouting at us. These shoes are old but comfortable. NounverbAdjectiveNounverb The same auxiliary verb may be omitted Adjective

Coordinating Connectors and, but, or He wants to watch TV or (to) listen to some music. Susan raised her hand, snapped her finggers and asked a question. verb infinitive

Subordinating Connectors because, because of Because the weather was cold, we stayed home. Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. nounSubject + verb Adverb clause

Correlative Connectors Not only…but also, either or…neither nor, both…and Both my mother and my sister are here. Not only my parents but also my sister is here. But also Either…or Neither…nor Take a plural verb for both…and Depends on the subject that is closer to the verb Noun

Correlative Connectors Not only…but also, either or…neither nor, both…and The research project will take both time and money. Yesterday it not only rained but also snowed. I’ll take either chemistry or physics next. The book is neither interesting nor accurate.

NEGATION Hardly, Barely, Rarely, Seldom, etc

Negation negative adverb Never, Rarely, Seldom Hardly, Barely, scarcely (ever) Example: I never go there. I have barely ever gone there.

Beginning a sentence with a negative word. Never will I do that again. Rarely have I eaten better food. Hardly ever does he come to class on time. When a negative word begin a sentence, the subject and verb are inverted.

COMMANDS (IN IMPERATIVE SENTENCE) Negative commands Negative Indirect Commands

Commands – Shut the door. – Be on time. Negative commands – Don’t shut the door. – Never be late. – Don’t (you) ever open that box!

Commands Negative commands – Don’t (you) ever open that box! Negative Indirect Commands – She told me to never open that box. – She instruct me to not open that box.

See you in the next 2 weeks